Ukubonelela ngemithombo yombane ezinzileyo yenye yezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo kule nkulungwane. Iindawo zophando kwizixhobo zokuvuna amandla zivela kule ntshukumisa, kuquka i-thermoelectric1, i-photovoltaic2 kunye ne-thermophotovoltaics3. Nangona singenazo izixhobo nezixhobo ezikwaziyo ukuvuna amandla kuluhlu lweJoule, izixhobo ze-pyroelectric ezinokuguqula amandla ombane abe lutshintsho lobushushu oluqhubekayo zithathwa njengezinzwa4 kunye nezivuni zamandla5,6,7. Apha siphuhlise i-macroscopic thermal energy harvester ngohlobo lwe-multilayer capacitor eyenziwe ngee-42 grams ze-lead scandium tantalate, evelisa i-11.2 J yamandla ombane ngomjikelo we-thermodynamic. Imodyuli nganye ye-pyroelectric inokuvelisa uxinano lwamandla ombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4.43 J cm-3 ngomjikelo. Sikwabonisa ukuba iimodyuli ezimbini ezinjalo ezinobunzima be-0.3 g zanele ukuqhuba rhoqo izivuni zamandla ezizimeleyo ezinee-microcontrollers ezifakiweyo kunye nezivuni zamandla obushushu. Okokugqibela, sibonisa ukuba kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 K, ezi capacitors ze-multilayer zinokufikelela kwi-40% yokusebenza kakuhle kweCarnot. Ezi mpawu zibangelwa (1) lutshintsho lwesigaba se-ferroelectric ukuze kubekho ukusebenza okuphezulu, (2) umbane ovuzayo ophantsi ukuthintela ilahleko, kunye (3) nombane ophezulu wokuqhekeka. Ezi zixhobo zokuvuna amandla e-pyroelectric ezinkulu, ezinokulinganiswa nezisebenzayo ziphinda zicinge ngokuvelisa amandla e-thermoelectric.
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-gradient yobushushu bendawo efunekayo kwizinto ze-thermoelectric, ukuvunwa kwamandla kwezinto ze-thermoelectric kufuna ukujikeleza kobushushu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kuthetha umjikelo we-thermodynamic, ochazwa ngcono ngumzobo we-entropy (S)-temperature (T). Umfanekiso 1a ubonisa iploti eqhelekileyo ye-ST yezinto ze-pyroelectric (NLP) ezingezizo ezicwangcisiweyo ezibonisa utshintsho lwesigaba se-ferroelectric-paraelectric oluqhutywa yintsimi kwi-scandium lead tantalate (PST). Amacandelo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka naluhlaza omjikelo kwi-ST diagram ahambelana namandla ombane aguquliweyo kumjikelo we-Olson (amacandelo amabini e-isothermal kunye namacandelo amabini e-isopole). Apha siqwalasela imijikelo emibini enotshintsho olufanayo lwentsimi yombane (intsimi ivuliwe kwaye ivaliwe) kunye notshintsho lobushushu i-ΔT, nangona kukho amaqondo obushushu okuqala ahlukeneyo. Umjikelo oluhlaza awukho kummandla wenguqu yesigaba kwaye ngaloo ndlela unendawo encinci kakhulu kunomjikelo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okwingingqi yenguqu yesigaba. Kumzobo we-ST, okukhona indawo inkulu, kokukhona amandla aqokelelweyo emakhulu. Ke ngoko, utshintsho lwesigaba kufuneka luqokelele amandla amaninzi. Imfuneko yokujikeleza indawo enkulu kwi-NLP ifana kakhulu nesidingo sezicelo ze-electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 apho ii-PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) kunye nee-terpolymers ezisekwe kwi-PVDF kutshanje zibonakalise ukusebenza okugqwesileyo okuphambeneyo. imeko yokusebenza kokupholisa kumjikelo we-13,14,15,16. Ke ngoko, sichonge ii-PST MLCs ezinomdla wokuvuna amandla obushushu. Ezi sampuli zichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwiindlela kwaye zichazwe kumanqaku ongezelelweyo 1 (ukuskena i-electron microscopy), 2 (i-X-ray diffraction) kunye ne-3 (i-calorimetry).
a, Umzobo weploti ye-entropy (S)-temperature (T) ene-electric field evuliweyo necinyiweyo kwizinto ze-NLP ezibonisa utshintsho lwesigaba. Imijikelo emibini yokuqokelela amandla iboniswa kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zobushushu. Imijikelo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza yenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenguqu yesigaba, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye iphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zomphezulu. b, iindandatho ezimbini ze-DE PST MLC unipolar, ezinobukhulu obuyi-1 mm, ezilinganiswe phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-155 kV cm-1 kwi-20 °C kunye ne-90 °C, ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye nemijikelo ye-Olsen ehambelanayo. Oonobumba be-ABCD babhekisa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kumjikelo we-Olson. AB: Ii-MLC zitshajiswe kwi-155 kV cm-1 kwi-20 °C. BC: I-MLC igcinwe kwi-155 kV cm-1 kwaye ubushushu bunyuswe kwi-90 °C. CD: I-MLC ikhupha kwi-90 °C. DA: I-MLC ibanda ukuya kwi-20 °C kwintsimi engu-zero. Indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihambelana namandla okufaka afunekayo ukuqala umjikelo. Indawo yeorenji ngamandla aqokelelweyo kumjikelo omnye. c, iphaneli ephezulu, i-voltage (emnyama) kunye ne-current (ebomvu) xa kuthelekiswa nexesha, ezilandelelwa ngexesha elifanayo lomjikelo we-Olson njengo-b. Ezi zimbini zifakela zimele ukwanda kwe-voltage kunye ne-current kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo kumjikelo. Kwiphaneli esezantsi, ii-curve ezimthubi neziluhlaza zimele ii-curve zobushushu kunye ne-energy ezihambelanayo, ngokulandelelana, kwi-MLC eyi-1 mm ubukhulu. Amandla abalwa kwii-current kunye ne-voltage current kwiphaneli ephezulu. Amandla angalunganga ahambelana namandla aqokelelweyo. Amanyathelo ahambelana noonobumba abakhulu kwimifanekiso emine afana nalawo akwi-Olson cycle. Umjikelo we-AB'CD uhambelana nomjikelo we-Stirling (inqaku elongezelelweyo 7).
apho u-E kunye no-D ziindawo zombane kunye nendawo yokufuduka kombane, ngokulandelelana. I-Nd ingafunyanwa ngokungathanga ngqo kwisekethe ye-DE (Umzobo 1b) okanye ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqala umjikelo we-thermodynamic. Iindlela eziluncedo kakhulu zachazwa ngu-Olsen kumsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wokuqokelela amandla e-pyroelectric ngeminyaka yoo-1980.
Kumfanekiso 1b ubonisa ii-loops ezimbini ze-monopolar DE ze-1 mm ubukhulu be-PST-MLC ezihlanganiswe kwi-20 °C kunye ne-90 °C, ngokulandelelana, kuluhlu oluphakathi kwe-0 ukuya kwi-155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Le mijikelo mibini ingasetyenziselwa ukubala ngokungathanga ngqo amandla aqokelelwe ngumjikelo we-Olson oboniswe kuMfanekiso 1a. Enyanisweni, umjikelo we-Olsen unamasebe amabini e-isofield (apha, intsimi ye-zero kwisebe le-DA kunye ne-155 kV cm-1 kwisebe le-BC) kunye namasebe amabini e-isothermal (apha, i-20°С kunye ne-20°С kwisebe le-AB). C kwisebe le-CD) Amandla aqokelelwe ngexesha lomjikelo ahambelana nemimandla yeorenji kunye nebhlowu (i-EdD integral). Amandla aqokelelweyo i-Nd ngumahluko phakathi kwamandla okufaka kunye nokuphuma, oko kukuthi kuphela indawo yeorenji kumzobo 1b. Lo mjikelo we-Olson unika uxinano lwamandla e-Nd lwe-1.78 J cm-3. Umjikelo we-Stirling uyindlela eyahlukileyo kumjikelo we-Olson (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 7). Ngenxa yokuba inqanaba lokutshaja elingaguqukiyo (isekethe evulekileyo) lifikeleleka lula, uxinano lwamandla olukhutshwe kwiFig. 1b (umjikelo we-AB'CD) lufikelela kwi-1.25 J cm-3. Oku yi-70% kuphela yoko umjikelo we-Olson unokukuqokelela, kodwa izixhobo ezilula zokuvuna ziyakwenza oko.
Ukongeza, silinganise ngokuthe ngqo amandla aqokelelweyo ngexesha lomjikelo we-Olson ngokunika amandla i-PST MLC sisebenzisa inqanaba lokulawula ubushushu be-Linkam kunye nemitha yomthombo (indlela). Umfanekiso 1c phezulu nakwii-insets ezihambelanayo ubonisa umbane (obomvu) kunye nombane (omnyama) oqokelelweyo kwi-PST MLC efanayo enobukhulu obuyi-1 mm njenge-DE loop ehamba ngomjikelo we-Olson ofanayo. Umbane kunye nombane kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubala amandla aqokelelweyo, kwaye ii-curves ziboniswe kumzobo 1c, ezantsi (oluhlaza) kunye nobushushu (otyheli) kulo lonke umjikelo. Oonobumba be-ABCD bamele umjikelo ofanayo we-Olson kumzobo 1. Ukutshaja kwe-MLC kwenzeka ngexesha lomlenze we-AB kwaye kwenziwa kumbane ophantsi (200 µA), ngoko ke iSourceMeter inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukutshaja. Isiphumo salo mbane wokuqala oqhubekayo kukuba i-voltage curve (i-black curve) ayilulo oluthe ngqo ngenxa yentsimi yokufuduka engeyiyo ethe ngqo D PST (Umzobo 1c, i-top inset). Ekupheleni kokutshaja, i-30 mJ yamandla ombane igcinwa kwi-MLC (inqaku B). Emva koko i-MLC iyatshisa kwaye kuvela umbane ongalunganga (kwaye ngoko ke umbane ongalunganga) ngelixa umbane uhlala kwi-600 V. Emva kwemizuzwana engama-40, xa ubushushu bufikelele kwi-plateau ye-90 °C, lo mbane wahlawulwa, nangona isampuli yesinyathelo ivelise amandla ombane angama-35 mJ kwisekethe ngeli xesha le-isofield (inxalenye yesibini kwiFig. 1c, phezulu). Umbane kwi-MLC (i-CD yesebe) uyancitshiswa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho umsebenzi wombane ongaphezulu kwama-60 mJ. Amandla emveliso iyonke yi-95 mJ. Amandla aqokelelweyo ngumahluko phakathi kwamandla okufaka kunye nawokukhupha, anika i-95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Oku kuhambelana noxinano lwamandla lwe-1.84 J cm-3, olusondele kakhulu kwi-Nd ekhutshwe kwiringi ye-DE. Ukuphinda-phinda kwalo mjikelo we-Olson kuhlolwe kakhulu (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 4). Ngokunyusa ngakumbi i-voltage kunye nobushushu, sifikelele kwi-4.43 J cm-3 sisebenzisa imijikelo ye-Olsen kwi-PST MLC enobukhulu obuyi-0.5 mm kuluhlu lobushushu obuyi-750 V (195 kV cm-1) kunye ne-175 °C (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 5). Oku kungaphezulu ngokuphindwe kane kunokusebenza okungcono okuxeliweyo kwiincwadi zemijikelo ethe ngqo ye-Olson kwaye kufunyenwe kwiifilimu ezincinci ze-Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Itheyibhile elongezelelweyo 1 ngamaxabiso angaphezulu kwiincwadi). Olu sebenzi lufikelelwe ngenxa yomsinga ophantsi kakhulu wokuvuza kwezi MLC (<10−7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iinkcukacha kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo 6)—ingongoma ebalulekileyo ekhankanyiweyo nguSmith et al.19—ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20. Olu sebenzi lufikelelwe ngenxa yomsinga ophantsi kakhulu wokuvuza kwezi MLC (<10−7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iinkcukacha kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo 6)—ingongoma ebalulekileyo ekhankanyiweyo nguSmith et al.19—ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Ezi mpawu zifezekisiwe ngenxa yomsinga ophantsi kakhulu wokuvuza kwezi MLC (<10–7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iNqaku elongezelelweyo 6 ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha) – ingongoma ebalulekileyo ekhankanyiweyo nguSmith et al. 19 – ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉人明6 的详细伉明6提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 6 中信息）））） — 等人相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之之下 相比之下下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期期光。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечании 6) — . Смитом и др. 19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Ekubeni ukuvuza kwamanzi kwezi MLCs kuphantsi kakhulu (<10–7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iNqaku elongezelelweyo 6 ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha) – ingongoma ephambili ekhankanyiweyo nguSmith et al. 19 – ukuze kuthelekiswe, ezi ntsebenzo zifezekisiwe.kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili 17,20.
Iimeko ezifanayo (600 V, 20–90 °C) zisetyenziswa kumjikelo we-Stirling (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 7). Njengoko bekulindelwe kwiziphumo zomjikelo we-DE, isivuno besiyi-41.0 mJ. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zemijikelo ye-Stirling kukukwazi kwayo ukukhulisa i-voltage yokuqala ngesiphumo se-thermoelectric. Sibone ukunyuka kwe-voltage ukuya kuthi ga kwi-39 (ukusuka kumbane wokuqala we-15 V ukuya kumbane wokugqibela ofikelela kwi-590 V, jonga uMfanekiso ongezelelweyo 7.2).
Olunye uphawu oluphawulekayo lwezi MLC kukuba zizinto ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuqokelela amandla kuluhlu lweejoule. Ke ngoko, sakhe i-prototype harvester (HARV1) sisebenzisa i-28 MLC PST 1 mm ubukhulu, silandela uyilo olufanayo lweplate ehambelanayo oluchazwe nguTorello et al.14, kwi-matrix ye-7×4 njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. Ulwelo lwe-dielectric oluthwala ubushushu kwi-manifold lususwa yipompo ye-peristaltic phakathi kwamachibi amabini apho ubushushu bolwelo bugcinwa bungaguquki (indlela). Qokelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3.1 J usebenzisa umjikelo we-Olson ochazwe kwiFig. 2a, iindawo ezi-isothermal kwi-10°C kunye ne-125°C kunye neendawo ezi-isofield kwi-0 kunye ne-750 V (195 kV cm-1). Oku kuhambelana noxinano lwamandla lwe-3.14 J cm-3. Sisebenzisa le nhlanganisela, imilinganiselo ithathwe phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo (Fig. 2b). Qaphela ukuba i-1.8 J ifunyenwe kubushushu obungama-80 °C kunye ne-voltage engama-600 V (155 kV cm-1). Oku kuvumelana kakuhle ne-65 mJ ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili kwi-1 mm ubukhulu be-PST MLC phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Useto lovavanyo lweprotokholi ye-HARV1 edibeneyo esekelwe kwi-28 MLC PSTs 1 mm ubukhulu (imiqolo emi-4 × iikholamu ezi-7) ezisebenza kwimijikelo ye-Olson. Kwinyathelo ngalinye lemijikelo emine, ubushushu kunye ne-voltage zibonelelwa kwiprotokholi. Ikhompyutha iqhuba ipompo ye-peristaltic ejikeleza ulwelo lwe-dielectric phakathi kweendawo zokugcina amanzi ezibandayo nezishushu, iivalvu ezimbini, kunye nomthombo wamandla. Ikhompyutha ikwasebenzisa ii-thermocouples ukuqokelela idatha kwi-voltage kunye nomsinga onikezelwa kwiprotokholi kunye nobushushu be-combine evela kumbane. b, Amandla (umbala) aqokelelwe yiprotokholi yethu ye-4×7 MLC ngokuchasene nobubanzi bobushushu (i-X-axis) kunye ne-voltage (i-Y-axis) kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo.
Inguqulelo enkulu ye-harvester (HARV2) ene-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu kunye ne-160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ubukhulu (41.7 g active pyroelectric material) yanika i-11.2 J (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 8). Ngo-1984, u-Olsen wenza i-energy harvester esekelwe kwi-317 g ye-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 compound efakwe kwi-tin ekwaziyo ukuvelisa i-6.23 J yombane kubushushu obumalunga ne-150 °C (ref. 21). Kule nhlanganisela, le yeyona xabiso linye kuphela elifumanekayo kuluhlu lwe-joule. Ifumene ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sexabiso esilifumeneyo kwaye phantse ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe umgangatho. Oku kuthetha ukuba uxinano lwamandla lwe-HARV2 luphindwe ka-13.
Ixesha lomjikelo we-HARV1 liyimizuzwana engama-57. Oku kuvelise amandla angama-54 mW kunye nemigca emi-4 yeekholamu ezi-7 zeeseti ze-MLC ezinobukhulu obuyi-1 mm. Ukuze siqhubeke phambili, sakha i-combine yesithathu (i-HARV3) ene-PST MLC enobukhulu obuyi-0.5mm kunye nokuseta okufanayo ne-HARV1 kunye ne-HARV2 (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 9). Silinganise ixesha lokufudumala lemizuzwana eli-12.5. Oku kuhambelana nexesha lomjikelo wemizuzwana engama-25 (Umzobo olongezelelweyo 9). Amandla aqokelelweyo (47 mJ) anika amandla ombane ayi-1.95 mW nge-MLC nganye, nto leyo esivumela ukuba sicinge ukuba i-HARV2 ivelisa i-0.55 W (malunga ne-1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC enobukhulu obuyi-0.5 mm). Ukongeza, silinganise ukudluliselwa kobushushu sisebenzisa i-Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Inqaku elongezelelweyo 10 kunye neeTheyibhile ezilongezelelweyo 2–4) ezihambelana novavanyo lwe-HARV1. Ukumodela izinto ezilinganiselweyo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqikelela amaxabiso amandla aphantse abe phezulu kakhulu (430 mW) kwinani elifanayo leekholamu zePST ngokuncitshisa i-MLC ukuya kwi-0.2 mm, kusetyenziswa amanzi njengesipholisi, kunye nokubuyisela i-matrix kwimigca esi-7. × iikholamu ezi-4 (ukongeza kwi-, bekukho i-960 mW xa itanki yayikufutshane ne-combine, uMzobo oNgezelelweyo 10b).
Ukubonisa ukuba lo mqokeleli uluncedo kangakanani, umjikelo we-Stirling usetyenziswe kwisixhobo esizimeleyo esiquka ii-PST MLC ezimbini kuphela ezinobukhulu obuyi-0.5 mm njengeziqokeleli zobushushu, iswitshi ye-voltage ephezulu, iswitshi ye-voltage ephantsi ene-capacitor yokugcina, i-DC/DC converter, i-microcontroller enamandla aphantsi, ii-thermocouples ezimbini kunye ne-boost converter (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 11). Isekethe ifuna ukuba i-capacitor yokugcina itshajwe ekuqaleni kwi-9V ize isebenze ngokuzimela ngelixa ubushushu bee-MLC ezimbini buqala kwi--5°C ukuya kwi-85°C, apha kwimijikelo ye-160 s (imijikelo emininzi iboniswe kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo 11). Okumangalisayo kukuba, ii-MLC ezimbini ezinobunzima obuyi-0.3g kuphela zinokulawula ngokuzimela le nkqubo inkulu. Olunye uphawu olunomdla kukuba i-converter ye-voltage ephantsi iyakwazi ukuguqula i-400V ibe yi-10-15V ngokusebenza kakuhle kwe-79% (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 11 kunye noMfanekiso oLongezelelweyo 11.3).
Okokugqibela, sivavanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi modules ze-MLC ekuguquleni amandla obushushu abe ngamandla ombane. Umgangatho we-η wokusebenza kakuhle uchazwa njengomlinganiselo woxinano lwamandla ombane aqokelelweyo u-Nd kuxinano lobushushu obubonelelweyo u-Qin (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 12):
Imifanekiso 3a, b ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle η kunye nokusebenza ngokulinganayo ηr komjikelo we-Olsen, ngokwahlukeneyo, njengomsebenzi woluhlu lobushushu be-PST MLC enobukhulu obuyi-0.5 mm. Zombini iiseti zedatha zinikwe intsimi yombane ye-195 kV cm-1. Ukusebenza kakuhle \(\oku\) kufikelela kwi-1.43%, okulingana ne-18% ye-ηr. Nangona kunjalo, kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 K ukusuka kwi-25 °C ukuya kwi-35 °C, ηr ifikelela kumaxabiso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% (ijika eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwiFig. 3b). Eli lixabiso eliphindwe kabini kunexabiso elaziwayo lezixhobo ze-NLP ezirekhodwe kwiifilimu ze-PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 K kunye ne-300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Uhlu lobushushu olungaphantsi kwe-10 K aluzange luqwalaselwe kuba i-hysteresis yobushushu ye-PST MLC iphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-8 K. Ukuqatshelwa kwesiphumo esihle sotshintsho lwesigaba ekusebenzeni kakuhle kubalulekile. Enyanisweni, amaxabiso afanelekileyo e-η kunye ne-ηr phantse onke afunyanwa kubushushu bokuqala be-Ti = 25°C kwiMifanekiso 3a,b. Oku kungenxa yotshintsho lwesigaba esisondeleyo xa kungekho ntsimi isetyenziswayo kwaye i-TC yobushushu beCurie imalunga ne-20°C kwezi MLC (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 13).
a,b, ukusebenza kakuhle η kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okulinganayo komjikelo we-Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} yombane ophezulu ngentsimi ye-195 kV cm-1 kunye namaqondo obushushu okuqala ahlukeneyo Ti, }}\,\(b) kwi-MPC PST ubukhulu obuyi-0.5 mm, kuxhomekeke kwisithuba sobushushu ΔTspan.
Le mbono yokugqibela ineempembelelo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: (1) naluphi na umjikelo osebenzayo kufuneka uqale kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-TC ukuze kwenzeke utshintsho lwesigaba olubangelwa yintsimi (ukusuka kwi-paraelectric ukuya kwi-ferroelectric); (2) ezi zinto zisebenza kakuhle ngamaxesha okusebenza akufutshane ne-TC. Nangona ukusebenza kakuhle okukhulu kubonisiwe kwiimvavanyo zethu, uluhlu lobushushu olulinganiselweyo alusivumeli ukuba sifezekise ukusebenza kakuhle okukhulu ngenxa yomda weCarnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle okubonakaliswe zezi PST MLCs kuyamthethelela u-Olsen xa ekhankanya ukuba "imoto ye-thermoelectric evuselelayo yeklasi yama-20 esebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-50 °C nama-250 °C inokuba nokusebenza kakuhle kwama-30%"17. Ukufikelela kula maxabiso kunye nokuvavanya ingcamango, kuya kuba luncedo ukusebenzisa ii-PST ezifakwe i-doped kunye nee-TC ezahlukeneyo, njengoko kufundwe nguShebanov noBorman. Babonise ukuba i-TC kwi-PST inokwahluka ukusuka kwi-3°C (Sb doping) ukuya kwi-33°C (Ti doping) 22. Ngoko ke, sicinga ukuba isizukulwana esilandelayo se-pyroelectric regenerators esisekelwe kwi-doped PST MLCs okanye ezinye izinto ezine-first order phase transition enamandla zinokukhuphisana nezona power harvesters zibalaseleyo.
Kolu phononongo, siphande ii-MLC ezenziwe nge-PST. Ezi zixhobo ziqulathe uthotho lwee-electrode ze-Pt kunye ne-PST, apho ii-capacitor ezininzi ziqhagamshelwe ngaxeshanye. I-PST ikhethwe kuba yinto egqwesileyo ye-EC kwaye ke ngoko yinto enokuba yinto ebalaseleyo ye-NLP. Ibonisa utshintsho olubukhali lwesigaba se-ferroelectric-paraelectric malunga ne-20 °C, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba utshintsho lwayo lwe-entropy lufana noluboniswe kwiFig. 1. Ii-MLC ezifanayo zichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwizixhobo ze-EC13,14. Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise ii-MLC ze-10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ kunye ne-10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³. Ii-MLC ezinobukhulu be-1 mm kunye ne-0.5 mm zenziwe kwiileya ze-PST ezili-19 kunye nezili-9 ezinobukhulu be-38.6 µm, ngokwahlukeneyo. Kuzo zombini iimeko, umaleko wangaphakathi we-PST ubekwe phakathi kwee-electrode zeplatinum ezinobukhulu be-2.05 µm. Uyilo lwezi MLC lucinga ukuba i-55% yee PST ziyasebenza, zihambelana nenxalenye ephakathi kwee electrodes (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 1). Indawo ye electrode esebenzayo yayiyi-48.7 mm2 (Itheyibhile elongezelelweyo 5). I-MLC PST yalungiswa ngendlela ye-solid phase reaction kunye ne-casting. Iinkcukacha zenkqubo yokulungiselela zichazwe kwinqaku elingaphambili14. Omnye womahluko phakathi kwe-PST MLC kunye nenqaku elingaphambili kukulandelelana kweendawo ze-B, okuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EC kwi-PST. Ukulandelelana kweendawo ze-B ze-PST MLC yi-0.75 (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 2) efunyenwe ngokusinta kwi-1400°C kulandelwa kukufakwa kweeyure ezingamakhulu kwi-1000°C. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya nge-PST MLC, jonga amanqaku elongezelelweyo 1-3 kunye neTheyibhile elongezelelweyo 5.
Ingcamango ephambili yolu phononongo isekelwe kumjikelo we-Olson (Umzobo 1). Kumjikelo onjalo, sidinga i-reservoir eshushu nebandayo kunye nombane okwaziyo ukujonga nokulawula i-voltage kunye nomsinga kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo ze-MLC. Ezi mjikelo ngqo zisebenzise iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezizezi (1) iimodyuli ze-Linkam ezifudumeza kwaye zipholisa i-MLC enye eqhagamshelwe kumthombo wamandla we-Keithley 2410, kunye (2) iiprototypes ezintathu (i-HARV1, i-HARV2 kunye ne-HARV3) ngaxeshanye namandla omthombo ofanayo. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ulwelo lwe-dielectric (ioyile ye-silicone ene-viscosity ye-5 cP kwi-25°C, ethengwe kwi-Sigma Aldrich) yasetyenziselwa ukutshintshiselana kobushushu phakathi kwamachibi amabini (ashushu nabandayo) kunye ne-MLC. I-reservoir yobushushu inesikhongozeli seglasi esizaliswe lulwelo lwe-dielectric kwaye sibekwe phezu kwepleyiti yobushushu. Indawo yokugcina ebandayo inebhafu yamanzi eneetyhubhu zolwelo eziqulethe ulwelo lwe-dielectric kwisikhongozeli esikhulu seplastiki esizaliswe ngamanzi kunye nomkhenkce. Iivalvu ezimbini ze-pinch ezineendlela ezintathu (ezithengwe kwi-Bio-Chem Fluidics) zabekwa kwicala ngalinye le-combine ukuze zitshintshe ulwelo ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwelinye i-reservoir ukuya kwelinye (Umfanekiso 2a). Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kobushushu phakathi kwephakheji ye-PST-MLC kunye ne-coolant, ixesha lomjikelo landiswa de i-inlet kunye ne-outlet thermocouples (ezikufutshane kangangoko kwiphakheji ye-PST-MLC) zibonise ubushushu obufanayo. Iskripthi sePython silawula kwaye sivumelanisa zonke izixhobo (iimitha zomthombo, iipompo, iivalvu, kunye nee-thermocouples) ukuze ziqhube umjikelo ochanekileyo we-Olson, oko kukuthi, i-coolant loop iqala ukujikeleza kwi-PST stack emva kokuba imitha yomthombo itshajiwe ukuze zifudumale nge-voltage efunekayo esetyenzisiweyo kumjikelo othile we-Olson.
Okanye, siqinisekisile ezi zilinganiso zithe ngqo zamandla aqokelelweyo ngeendlela ezingathanga ngqo. Ezi ndlela zingathanga ngqo zisekelwe kwi-electric displacement (D) – electric field (E) field loops eziqokelelwe kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokubala indawo phakathi kwe-DE loops ezimbini, umntu unokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukuba angakanani amandla anokuqokelelwa, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso. kumfanekiso 2. .1b. Ezi loops ze-DE ziqokelelwa kusetyenziswa iimitha zomthombo weKeithley.
Ii-PST MLC ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo ezinobukhulu obuyi-1 mm zahlanganiswa kwisakhiwo sepleyiti ehambelanayo enemigca emi-4, enekholamu ezi-7 ngokwendlela yoyilo echazwe kwisalathiso. 14. Umsantsa wolwelo phakathi kwemigca ye-PST-MLC yi-0.75mm. Oku kufezekiswa ngokongeza imicu yeteyiphu enamacala amabini njengeendawo zolwelo ezijikeleze imiphetho ye-PST MLC. I-PST MLC iqhagamshelwe ngombane ngaxeshanye nebhulorho ye-epoxy yesilivere enxibelelana neentambo ze-electrode. Emva koko, iingcingo zancamathiselwa nge-epoxy yesilivere kwicala ngalinye leeterminals ze-electrode ukuze ziqhagamshelwe kumbane. Ekugqibeleni, faka isakhiwo sonke kwipayipi ye-polyolefin. Le yokugqibela incamathiselwa kwityhubhu yolwelo ukuqinisekisa ukuvalwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ii-thermocouples ze-K ezinobukhulu obuyi-0.25 mm zakhiwe kwisiphelo ngasinye sesakhiwo se-PST-MLC ukuze zijonge amaqondo obushushu olwelo oluphumayo nolungenayo. Ukuze wenze oku, ipayipi kufuneka iqale igqobhoze. Emva kokufaka i-thermocouple, faka iglu efanayo naleyo yangaphambili phakathi kwepayipi ye-thermocouple kunye nocingo ukuze ubuyisele isitywino.
Kwakhiwa iiprototypes ezisibhozo ezahlukeneyo, ezine kuzo zazinee-40 0.5 mm ubukhulu be-MLC PSTs ezisasazwe njengeepleyiti ezilinganayo ezineekholamu ezi-5 kunye nemigca esi-8, kwaye ezine eziseleyo zazinee-15 1 mm ubukhulu be-MLC PSTs nganye. kwisakhiwo seplate esihambelanayo esineekholamu ezi-3 × 5-rows. Inani lilonke lee-PST MLCs ezisetyenzisiweyo yayiyi-220 (160 0.5 mm ubukhulu kunye ne-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu). Sibiza ezi subunits zimbini ngokuba yi-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60. Umsantsa wolwelo kwiprototype HARV2_160 uqulathe iiteyiphu ezimbini ezinamacala amabini ezinobukhulu obuyi-0.25 mm kunye nentambo enobukhulu obuyi-0.25 mm phakathi kwazo. Kwiprototype HARV2_60, siphinde inkqubo efanayo, kodwa sisebenzisa ucingo olunobukhulu obuyi-0.38 mm. Ukuze kulinganiswe, i-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60 zineesekethe zazo zolwelo, iipompo, iivalvu kunye necala elibandayo (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 8). Iiyunithi ezimbini ze-HARV2 zabelana ngesitya sokufudumala, isikhongozeli seelitha ezi-3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) kwiipleyiti ezimbini ezishushu ezineemagnethi ezijikelezayo. Zonke iiprototypes ezisibhozo ngazinye ziqhagamshelwe ngombane ngaxeshanye. Iiyunithi ezincinci ze-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60 zisebenza ngaxeshanye kumjikelo we-Olson nto leyo ephumela ekuvunweni kwamandla angama-11.2 J.
Faka i-PST MLC enobukhulu obuyi-0.5mm kwipayipi ye-polyolefin ngeteyipu enamacala amabini kunye nocingo kumacala omabini ukuze kudalwe indawo yokuba ulwelo luhambe. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci, iprototype ibekwe ecaleni kwevalvu yereservoir eshushu okanye ebandayo, nto leyo enciphisa amaxesha okujikeleza.
Kwi-PST MLC, intsimi yombane engaguqukiyo isetyenziswa ngokufaka i-voltage engaguqukiyo kwisebe lokufudumeza. Ngenxa yoko, umbane oshushu ongekho semgangathweni uyaveliswa kwaye amandla agcinwa. Emva kokufudumeza i-PST MLC, intsimi iyasuswa (V = 0), kwaye amandla agcinwe kuyo abuyiselwa kwikhawuntara yomthombo, ehambelana nomnye umnikelo wamandla aqokelelweyo. Ekugqibeleni, xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage V = 0, ii-MLC PST zipholiswa kubushushu bazo bokuqala ukuze umjikelo uqale kwakhona. Kweli nqanaba, amandla awaqokelelwa. Siqhube umjikelo we-Olsen sisebenzisa iKeithley 2410 SourceMeter, sitshaja i-PST MLC evela kumthombo wombane kwaye simisela umlinganiso wangoku kwixabiso elifanelekileyo ukuze amanqaku aneleyo aqokelelwe ngexesha lesigaba sokutshaja ukuze kubalwe amandla anokwethenjelwa.
Kwimijikelo yeStirling, ii-PST MLCs zitshajwa kwimowudi yomthombo wevolthi kwixabiso lokuqala lentsimi yombane (ivolthi yokuqala i-Vi > 0), umsinga wokuthobela ofunekayo ukuze inyathelo lokutshaja lithathe malunga nemizuzwana eyi-1 (kwaye kuqokelelwe amanqaku aneleyo okubalwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo) kunye nobushushu obubandayo. Kwimijikelo yeStirling, ii-PST MLCs zitshajwa kwimowudi yomthombo wevolthi kwixabiso lokuqala lentsimi yombane (ivolthi yokuqala i-Vi > 0), umsinga wokuthobela ofunekayo ukuze inyathelo lokutshaja lithathe malunga nemizuzwana eyi-1 (kwaye kuqokelelwe amanqaku aneleyo okubalwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo) kunye nobushushu obubandayo. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника пряжения при начальном значении электрического поля токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная тем. Kwimijikelo ye-Stirling PST MLC, zazitshajwa kwimowudi yomthombo we-voltage kwixabiso lokuqala lentsimi yombane (i-voltage yokuqala i-Vi > 0), i-yield current efunekayo, ukuze inqanaba lokutshaja lithathe malunga ne-1 s (kwaye inani elaneleyo lamanqaku liqokelelwe ukubalwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo) kunye nobushushu obubandayo.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0.0 Kwi-master cycle, i-PST MLC itshajwa ngexabiso lokuqala lentsimi yombane (i-voltage yokuqala i-Vi > 0) kwimo yomthombo we-voltage, ukuze umsinga wokuthobela ofunekayo uthathe malunga nomzuzwana omnye kwinyathelo lokutshaja (kwaye siqokelele amanqaku aneleyo ukubala ngokuthembekileyo (amandla) kunye nobushushu obuphantsi. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергетет) и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергитает энергирает. Kwi-Stirling cycle, i-PST MLC itshajwa kwimowudi yomthombo we-voltage enexabiso lokuqala lentsimi yombane (i-voltage yokuqala i-Vi > 0), umsinga wokuthobela ofunekayo unjalo kangangokuba inqanaba lokutshaja lithatha malunga ne-1 s (kwaye inani elaneleyo lamanqaku liqokelelwa ukubala amandla ngokuthembekileyo) kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi.Ngaphambi kokuba i-PST MLC ifudumale, vula isekethe ngokusebenzisa umbane ohambelanayo we-I = 0 mA (umbane omncinci ohambelanayo onokuphathwa ngumthombo wethu wokulinganisa yi-10 nA). Ngenxa yoko, itshaja ihlala kwi-PST ye-MJK, kwaye i-voltage iyanda njengoko isampuli ishushu. Akukho mandla aqokelelwayo kwingalo ye-BC kuba i-I = 0 mA. Emva kokufikelela kubushushu obuphezulu, i-voltage kwi-MLT FT iyanda (kwezinye iimeko ngaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-30, jonga umfanekiso owongezelelweyo 7.2), i-MLK FT iyakhutshwa (V = 0), kwaye amandla ombane agcinwa kuzo ngokufanayo njengoko ziyitshaja yokuqala. Unxibelelwano olufanayo lwangoku lubuyiselwa kumthombo wemitha. Ngenxa yokufumana i-voltage, amandla agciniweyo kubushushu obuphezulu aphezulu kunalawo anikezelweyo ekuqaleni komjikelo. Ngenxa yoko, amandla afunyanwa ngokuguqula ubushushu bube ngumbane.
Sisebenzise iKeithley 2410 SourceMeter ukujonga i-voltage kunye nomsinga osetyenziswa kwi-PST MLC. Amandla ahambelanayo abalwa ngokuhlanganisa imveliso ye-voltage kunye nomsinga ofundwa yimitha yomthombo kaKeithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), apho i-τ lixesha lexesha. Kwi-energy curve yethu, amaxabiso amandla amahle athetha amandla esinawo okunika i-MLC PST, kwaye amaxabiso angalunganga athetha amandla esiwakhuphayo kuwo kwaye ke ngoko amandla afunyenweyo. Amandla ahambelanayo omjikelo othile wokuqokelela amiselwa ngokwahlula amandla aqokelelweyo ngexesha le-τ lomjikelo wonke.
Yonke idatha iboniswa kwisicatshulwa esiphambili okanye ngolwazi olongezelelweyo. Iileta kunye nezicelo zezixhobo kufuneka zibhekiswe kumthombo wedatha ye-AT okanye ye-ED enikwe kweli nqaku.
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ISebe lezoPhando lweZixhobo kunye neTekhnoloji, iZiko leTekhnoloji laseLuxembourg (LIST), eBelvoir, eLuxembourg