Ukubonelela ngemithombo yombane ezinzileyo yenye yeyona mingeni ibalulekileyo kule nkulungwane. Iindawo zophando kwizinto zokuvuna amandla zivela kule mpembelelo, kubandakanywa i-thermoelectric1, i-photovoltaic2 kunye ne-thermophotovoltaics3. Nangona singenazo izinto kunye nezixhobo ezikwazi ukuvuna amandla kuluhlu lwe-Joule, izinto ze-pyroelectric ezinokuguqula amandla ombane kwiinguqu zexesha lobushushu zibhekwa njenge-sensor4 kunye nabavuni bamandla5,6,7. Apha siye savelisa i-macroscopic yokuvuna amandla e-thermal ngendlela ye-capacitor ye-multilayer eyenziwe nge-42 grams ye-lead scandium tantalate, ivelisa i-11.2 J yamandla ombane ngomjikelo we-thermodynamic. Imodyuli nganye ye-pyroelectric inokuvelisa ubuninzi bamandla ombane ukuya kwi-4.43 J cm-3 ngomjikelezo. Sikwabonisa ukuba iimodyuli ezimbini ezinobunzima be-0.3 g zanele ukunika amandla ngokuqhubekayo izivuni zamandla ezizimeleyo ezinee-microcontrollers ezifakwe ngaphakathi kunye nezinzwa zobushushu. Ekugqibeleni, sibonisa ukuba kuluhlu lweqondo lokushisa lwe-10 K, ezi capacitors ezininzi zinokufikelela kwi-40% yeCarnot esebenzayo. Ezi zakhiwo zibangelwa (1) kutshintsho lwesigaba se-ferroelectric ukusebenza kakuhle, (2) ukuvuza okuphantsi kwangoku ukunqanda ilahleko, kunye (3) nombane wokuqhekeka okuphezulu. Ezi zivuni zamandla ombane omninzi, ezinokwaleka kunye nezisebenzayo zicinga ngokutsha ukuveliswa kombane we-thermoelectric.
Xa kuthelekiswa nomgangatho weqondo lobushushu elifunekayo kwimathiriyeli ye-thermoelectric, ukuvunwa kwamandla ezinto zombane we-thermoelectric kufuna ukukhwela ibhayisekile kobushushu ekuhambeni kwexesha. Oku kuthetha umjikelo we-thermodynamic, echazwe kakuhle yi-entropy (S) -iqondo lokushisa (T) idayagram. Umzobo we-1a ubonisa isicwangciso se-ST esiqhelekileyo sezinto ezingabonakaliyo ze-pyroelectric (NLP) ezibonisa i-ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition phase in scandium lead tantalate (PST). Amacandelo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nohlaza omjikelezo kumzobo we-ST ahambelana namandla ombane aguqulwayo kumjikelezo we-Olson (amacandelo amabini e-isothermal kunye ne-isopole ezimbini). Apha siqwalasela imijikelezo emibini kunye nokutshintsha kwentsimi yombane efanayo (ibala elivuliwe nangaphandle) kunye nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa ΔT, nangona amaqondo okushisa okuqala ahlukeneyo. Umjikelo ohlaza awukho kwindawo yenguqu yesigaba kwaye ngoko unommandla omncinci kakhulu kunomjikelezo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka obekwe kwindawo yenguqu yesigaba. Kumzobo we-ST, indawo enkulu, inkulu amandla aqokelelweyo. Ngoko ke, utshintsho lwesigaba kufuneka luqokelele amandla amaninzi. Imfuno yendawo enkulu yokuhamba ngebhayisikili kwi-NLP ifana kakhulu nesidingo se-electrothermal applications9, i-10, i-11, i-12 apho i-PST i-multilayer capacitors (i-MLCs) kunye ne-PVDF-based terpolymers isandul 'ukubonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-reverse. ubume bomsebenzi wokupholisa kumjikelo 13,14,15,16. Ke ngoko, sichonge ii-PST MLC zomdla wokuvuna amandla ashushu. Ezi sampuli zichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwiindlela kwaye zibonakaliswe kumanqaku ongezelelweyo 1 (ukuskena i-electron microscopy), i-2 (i-X-ray diffraction) kunye ne-3 (i-calorimetry).
a, Umzobo wesakhiwo se-entropy (S)-ubushushu (T) esinebala lombane elivuliweyo nacima lisetyenziswa kwizinto ze-NLP ezibonisa utshintsho lwesigaba. Imijikelo emibini yokuqokelela amandla iboniswa kwiindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zobushushu. Imijikelezo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nohlaza yenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenguqu yesigaba, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye iphele kwimimandla ehluke kakhulu kumphezulu. b, amakhonkco amabini e-DE PST MLC unipolar, i-1 mm ubukhulu, ilinganiswe phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-155 kV cm-1 kwi-20 °C kunye ne-90 °C, ngokulandelanayo, kunye nemijikelo ye-Olsen ehambelana nayo. Iileta ze-ABCD zibhekisela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumjikelezo we-Olson. AB: Ii-MLCs zahlawuliswa ukuya kwi-155 kV cm-1 ku-20°C. I-BC: I-MLC yagcinwa kwi-155 kV cm-1 kwaye ubushushu bunyuswe ukuya kwi-90 °C. I-CD: i-MLC ikhupha kwi-90 ° C. I-DA: I-MLC ibanda ukuya kuma-20°C kwindawo enguziro. Ummandla ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uhambelana namandla egalelo afunekayo ukuqalisa umjikelo. Ummandla we-orenji ngamandla aqokelelwa kumjikelo omnye. c, indawo yolawulo ephezulu, amandla ombane (omnyama) kunye nowangoku (obomvu) xa kuthelekiswa nexesha, alandelelwe ngexesha lomjikelo we-Olson ofanayo no-b. Ezi zimbini zifakelwayo zimelela ukukhulisa amandla ombane kunye nokukhoyo kwiindawo eziphambili kumjikelezo. Kwiphaneli esezantsi, iigophe ezityheli kunye nohlaza zimela ubushushu obuhambelanayo kunye neegophe zamandla, ngokulandelanayo, kwi-MLC eyi-1 mm. Amandla abalwa kwi-curves yangoku kunye ne-voltage curves kwipaneli ephezulu. Amandla angalunganga ahambelana namandla aqokelelweyo. Amanyathelo ahambelana noonobumba abakhulu kumanani amane ayafana nakumjikelo we-Olson. Umjikelo we-AB'CD ungqinelana nomjikelo we-Stirling (inqaku elongezelelweyo 7).
apho i-E kunye ne-D yintsimi yombane kunye nebala lokufuduswa kombane, ngokulandelelanayo. I-Nd inokufumaneka ngokungathanga ngqo kwisekethe ye-DE (Umfanekiso 1b) okanye ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqalisa umjikelezo we-thermodynamic. Iindlela eziluncedo kakhulu zichazwe ngu-Olsen kumsebenzi wakhe wobuvulindlela ekuqokeleleni amandla e-pyroelectric kwi-1980s17.
Kwikhiwane. I-1b ibonisa iilophu ezimbini ze-DE ze-monopolar ze-1 mm ubukhulu be-PST-MLC iisampulu ezihlanganiswe kwi-20 °C kunye ne-90 °C, ngokulandelanayo, ngaphezu koluhlu lwe-0 ukuya kwi-155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Le mijikelezo mibini ingasetyenziselwa ukubala ngokungathanga ngqo amandla aqokelelwe ngumjikelezo we-Olson oboniswe kuMfanekiso 1a. Enyanisweni, umjikelezo we-Olsen uquka amasebe amabini e-isofield (apha, intsimi ye-zero kwisebe le-DA kunye ne-155 kV cm-1 kwisebe le-BC) kunye namasebe amabini e-isothermal (apha, i-20 ° С kunye ne-20 ° С kwisebe le-AB) . C kwisebe le-CD) Amandla aqokelelwe ngexesha lomjikelo ahambelana nemimandla ye-orange kunye ne-blue (EdD integral). Amandla aqokelelweyo Nd ngumahluko phakathi kwegalelo kunye nemveliso yamandla, oko kukuthi indawo ye-orenji kuphela kwifig. 1b. Lo mjikelo we-Olson unika amandla e-Nd amandla e-1.78 J cm-3. Umjikelo we-Stirling yenye indlela kumjikelo we-Olson (iNqaku elongezelelweyo 7). Ngenxa yokuba isigaba sokuhlawula rhoqo (isiphaluka esivulekileyo) sifikeleleka ngokulula, ubuninzi bamandla obucatshulwa kwi-Fig. 1b (umjikelezo we-AB'CD) ufikelela kwi-1.25 J cm-3. Le yi-70% kuphela yokuqokelela umjikelo we-Olson, kodwa izixhobo zokuvuna ezilula ziyakwenza oko.
Ukongezelela, silinganise ngokuthe ngqo amandla aqokelelwe ngexesha lomjikelezo we-Olson ngokunika amandla i-PST MLC ngokusebenzisa i-Linkam yokulawula ubushushu kunye nemitha yomthombo (indlela). Umzobo 1c phezulu nakwiziseti ezilandelelanayo ubonisa umjiko (obomvu) kunye nombane (omnyama) oqokelelwe kwi-1 mm ubukhulu be-PST MLC njenge-DE loop ehamba kumjikelo ofanayo we-Olson. I-current kunye ne-voltage yenza ukuba kube lula ukubala amandla aqokelelweyo, kwaye ii-curves ziboniswa kumkhiwane. 1c, ezantsi (luhlaza) kunye nobushushu (tyheli) kuwo wonke umjikelo. Oonobumba ABCD bamele umjikelo ofanayo we-Olson kuMfanekiso 1. Ukutshaja kwe-MLC kwenzeka ngexesha lomlenze we-AB kwaye iqhutywa kumbane ophantsi (200 µA), ngoko ke i-SourceMeter inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukutshaja. Isiphumo solu tshintsho lwangoku lwangoku lwangoku kukuba ijika lombane (igophe elimnyama) alikho mgca ngenxa yokungangqamani kwentsimi ye-D PST (umzobo 1c, i-top inset). Ekupheleni kokutshaja, i-30 mJ yamandla ombane igcinwe kwi-MLC (inqaku B). I-MLC ke iyatshisa kwaye i-current negative (kwaye ngoko ke i-current negative) iyaveliswa ngelixa i-voltage ihlala kwi-600 V. Emva kwe-40 s, xa iqondo lokushisa lifikelela kwi-plateau ye-90 ° C, lo mbane wahlawulwa, nangona isampuli yesinyathelo kuveliswe kwisiphaluka amandla ombane we-35 mJ ngeli xesha le-isofield (i-second inset kwi-Fig. 1c, phezulu). I-voltage kwi-MLC (i-CD yesebe) iyancitshiswa, nto leyo ekhokelela kumsebenzi owongezelelweyo we-60 mJ wombane. Amandla aphumayo ewonke yi-95 mJ. Amandla aqokelelweyo ngumahluko phakathi kwegalelo kunye nemveliso yamandla, enika i-95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Oku kuhambelana nobuninzi bamandla we-1.84 J cm-3, esondele kakhulu kwi-Nd ekhutshwe kwi-DE ring. Ukuveliswa kwakhona kwalo mjikelo we-Olson kuye kwavavanywa ngokubanzi (iNqaku elongezelelweyo 4). Ngokunyuka ngakumbi kwamandla ombane kunye nobushushu, siphumelele i-4.43 J cm-3 sisebenzisa imijikelo ye-Olsen kwi-0.5 mm engqindilili ye-PST MLC phezu komgangatho wobushushu be-750 V (195 kV cm-1) kunye ne-175 ° C (iNqaku elongezelelweyo 5). Oku kuphindwe kane kunomsebenzi ogqwesileyo ochazwe kwiincwadi zemijikelezo ye-Olson ngokuthe ngqo kwaye yafunyanwa kwiifilimu ezincinci ze-Pb (Mg, Nb) O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Itheyibhile 1 yamaxabiso angaphezulu kuncwadi). Lo msebenzi ufikeleleke ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi MLCs (<10−7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iinkcukacha kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo 6)-inqaku elibalulekileyo elikhankanywe nguSmith et al.19-ngokuchaseneyo kwizinto ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20. Lo msebenzi ufikeleleke ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi MLCs (<10−7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iinkcukacha kwiNqaku elongezelelweyo 6)-inqaku elibalulekileyo elikhankanywe nguSmith et al.19-ngokuchaseneyo kwizinto ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см ритический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Ezi mpawu ziphunyeziwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi MLCs (<10-7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 °C, jonga iNqaku eliLongezelelweyo 6 ngeenkcukacha) - inqaku elibalulekileyo elikhankanywe nguSmith et al. I-19 - ngokungafaniyo nezinto ezisetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V ne180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉 的详细伉 的详细伉 的详细信 180 智慧键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A , 参见 补充说明 ） 6 详明 ） ） ） ！）人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечании 6) — примечаний 6 др. 19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Ekubeni ukuvuza kwangoku kwezi MLCs kuphantsi kakhulu (<10-7 A kwi-750 V kunye ne-180 ° C, jonga iNqaku le-Supplementary Note 6 ngeenkcukacha) - inqaku eliphambili elikhankanywe nguSmith et al. I-19 - ukuthelekisa, le midlalo iphunyeziwe.kwimathiriyeli esetyenziswe kwizifundo zangaphambili 17,20.
Iimeko ezifanayo (600 V, 20-90 ° C) zisetyenziswe kumjikelezo we-Stirling (inqaku elongezelelweyo 7). Njengoko kulindelwe kwiziphumo zomjikelezo we-DE, isivuno sasiyi-41.0 mJ. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwimijikelo ye-Stirling kukukwazi kwabo ukukhulisa amandla ombane okuqala ngesiphumo se-thermoelectric. Siqaphele inzuzo yombane ukuya kwi-39 (ukusuka kwi-voltage yokuqala ye-15 V ukuya kwi-voltage yokuphela ukuya kwi-590 V, jonga i-Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Olunye uphawu olwahlulayo kwezi MLCs kukuba zizinto ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuqokelela amandla kuluhlu lwejoule. Ke ngoko, sakha i-prototype harvester (HARV1) sisebenzisa i-28 MLC PST 1 mm ubukhulu, ngokulandela uyilo lweplate efanayo echazwe nguTorello et al.14, kwi-7 × 4 matrix njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso. I-manifold isuswa yimpompo ye-peristaltic phakathi kwamadama amabini apho ubushushu be-fluid bugcinwa rhoqo (indlela). Qokelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3.1 J usebenzisa umjikelo we-Olson ochazwe kwifig. I-2a, imimandla ye-isothermal kwi-10 ° C kunye ne-125 ° C kunye nemimandla ye-isofield kwi-0 kunye ne-750 V (195 kV cm-1). Oku kuhambelana nokuxinana kwamandla kwe-3.14 J cm-3. Ukusebenzisa le nhlanganisela, imilinganiselo ithathwe phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo (umzobo 2b). Qaphela ukuba i-1.8 J yafunyanwa kuluhlu lobushushu obuyi-80 °C kunye nombane we-600 V (155 kV cm-1). Oku kuvumelana kakuhle ne-65 mJ ekhankanywe ngaphambili ye-1 mm ubukhulu be-PST MLC phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Ukusetwa koMfuniselo weprototype edibeneyo ye-HARV1 esekwe kwi-28 MLC PSTs 1 mm ubukhulu (imiqolo emi-4 × iikholamu ezi-7) eziqhuba kwimijikelo ye-Olson. Kwinyathelo ngalinye lemijikelo emine, ubushushu kunye ne-voltage zibonelelwa kwiprototype. Ikhompyuter iqhuba impompo ye-peristaltic ejikeleza ulwelo lwe-dielectric phakathi kwendawo ebandayo kunye neshushu, iivalve ezimbini, kunye nomthombo wamandla. Ikhompyuter iphinda isebenzise i-thermocouples ukuqokelela idatha kwi-voltage kunye nekhoyo ngoku enikezelwe kwiprototype kunye nobushushu bomdibaniso ukusuka kunikezelo lwamandla. b, Amandla (umbala) oqokelelwe yi-4 × 7 yethu ye-MLC ye-prototype ngokubhekiselele kwiqondo lokushisa (i-X-axis) kunye ne-voltage (Y-axis) kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo.
Inguqulelo enkulu yesivuni (HARV2) ene-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu kunye ne-160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ubukhulu (41.7 g imathiriyeli yepyroelectric esebenzayo) inike i-11.2 J (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 8). Ngo-1984, u-Olsen wenza isivuni samandla esisekwe kwi-317 g ye-tin-doped Pb(Zr,Ti) O3 ikhompawundi ekwaziyo ukuvelisa i-6.23 J yombane kubushushu obumalunga ne-150 °C (ref. 21). Kule dibaniselwano, eli kuphela elinye ixabiso elikhoyo kuluhlu lwejoule. Ifumene ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sexabiso esilizuzileyo kwaye phantse ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe kunomgangatho. Oku kuthetha ukuba uxinano lwamandla e-HARV2 luphindwe ka-13 ngaphezulu.
Ixesha lomjikelo we-HARV1 yimizuzwana engama-57. Oku kuvelise amandla angama-54 mW kunye nemiqolo emi-4 yeekholamu ezi-7 zeseti ze-MLC eziyi-1 mm. Ukuthabatha inyathelo elinye ukuya phambili, sakhe indibaniselwano yesithathu (HARV3) ene-0.5mm eshinyeneyo ye-PST MLC kunye nokuseta okufanayo kwi-HARV1 kunye ne-HARV2 (iNqaku eloNgezelelweyo lesi-9). Silinganise ixesha lokutshisa imizuzwana eyi-12.5. Oku kuhambelana nexesha lokujikeleza kwe-25 s (i-Supplementary Fig. 9). Amandla aqokelelweyo (47 mJ) anika amandla ombane we-1.95 mW nge-MLC nganye, nto leyo esivumela ukuba sicinge ukuba i-HARV2 ivelisa i-0.55 W (malunga ne-1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm ubukhulu). Ukongezelela, siye safanisa ukutshintshwa kobushushu sisebenzisa i-Finite Element Simulation (i-COMSOL, i-Supplementary Note 10 kunye ne-Supplementary Tables 2-4) ehambelana novavanyo lwe-HARV1. Umfuziselo ogqityiweyo wento yenze ukuba kwenzeke ukuqikelela amaxabiso amandla aphantse abe ngummiselo wobukhulu obungaphezulu (430 mW) ngenani elifanayo leekholamu zePST ngokucutha i-MLC ukuya kwi-0.2 mm, kusetyenziswa amanzi njengesipholisi, kunye nokubuyisela imatrix kwimiqolo esixhenxe. . × iikholomu ezi-4 (ukongeza, kwakukho i-960 mW xa itanki yayisecaleni kokudibanisa, i-Supplementary Fig. 10b).
Ukubonisa ukuba luncedo kwalo mqokeleli, umjikelo we-Stirling wasetyenziswa kumbonisi ozimeleyo oquka kuphela ezimbini ze-0.5 mm ubukhulu be-PST MLC njengabaqokeleli bobushushu, ukutshintshwa kombane ophezulu, umbane ophantsi kunye ne-capacitor yokugcina, i-DC / DC converter. , i-microcontroller yamandla aphantsi, i-thermocouples ezimbini kunye ne-boost converter (iNqaku le-Supplementary 11). Isekethe idinga ukuba i-capacitor yokugcina ihlawulwe ekuqaleni kwi-9V kwaye emva koko iqhube ngokuzimeleyo ngelixa ukushisa kwee-MLC ezimbini ukusuka kwi--5 ° C ukuya kwi-85 ° C, apha kwimijikelezo ye-160 s (imijikelo emininzi iboniswe kwiNqaku le-Supplementary Note 11) . Okumangalisayo kukuba, ii-MLC ezimbini ezinobunzima be-0.3g kuphela zinokulawula ngokuzimeleyo le nkqubo inkulu. Enye into enomdla kukuba i-converter ye-voltage ephantsi iyakwazi ukuguqula i-400V ukuya kwi-10-15V kunye ne-79% esebenzayo (iNqaku le-Supplementary 11 kunye ne-Supplementary Figure 11.3).
Ekugqibeleni, siye savavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwezi modyuli ze-MLC ekuguquleni amandla ashushu abe ngamandla ombane. Umgangatho womgangatho η wokusebenza kakuhle uchazwa njengomlinganiselo woxinaniso lwamandla ombane aqokelelweyo Nd ukuya kuxinaniso lobushushu obunikeziweyo be-Qin (inqaku elongezelelweyo 12):
Amanani 3a,b abonisa ukusebenza kakuhle η kunye nokusebenza ngokulinganayo ηr kumjikelo we-Olsen, ngokulandelelanayo, njengomsebenzi woluhlu lobushushu be-0.5 mm ubukhulu be-PST MLC. Zombini iiseti zedatha zinikwe indawo yombane ye-195 kV cm-1. Ukusebenza kakuhle \(\oku\) kufikelela kwi-1.43%, elingana ne-18% ye-ηr. Nangona kunjalo, kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 K ukusuka kwi-25 °C ukuya kwi-35 °C, i-ηr ifikelela kumaxabiso ukuya kuma-40% (ijika eliluhlaza kwi-Fig. 3b). Oku kuphindwe kabini ixabiso elaziwayo lezinto ze-NLP ezibhalwe kwiifilimu ze-PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) kwiqondo lokushisa le-10 K kunye ne-300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Ukushisa okungaphantsi kwe-10 K akuzange kucatshangelwe ngenxa yokuba i-hysteresis ye-thermal ye-PST MLC iphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-8 K. Ukuqaphela umphumo omuhle wokuguqulwa kwesigaba ekusebenzeni kubalulekile. Enyanisweni, amaxabiso afanelekileyo e-η kunye ne-ηr aphantse afunyenwe kwiqondo lokushisa lokuqala Ti = 25 ° C kumakhiwane. 3a,b. Oku kungenxa yenguqu yesigaba esisondeleyo xa kungekho ntsimi isetyenziswayo kwaye ubushushu beCurie TC bumalunga ne-20 °C kwezi MLCs (inqaku elongezelelweyo 13).
a,b, ucikizeko η kunye nempumelelo elinganayo yomjikelo we-Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } ngowona mbane uphezulu ngentsimi ye-195 kV cm-1 kunye namaqondo obushushu okuqala ahlukeneyo Ti, }}\,\)(b) ye-MPC PST 0.5 mm ubukhulu, ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lobushushu ΔTspan.
Olu qwalaselo lwamva luneziphumo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: (1) nakuphi na ukukhwela ibhayisekile okusebenzayo kufuneka kuqale kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-TC ukwenzela ukuba inguqu yesigaba esenziwe entsimini (ukusuka kwiparaelectric ukuya kwiferroelectric) ukuba yenzeke; (2) ezi zixhobo zisebenza kakuhle ngamaxesha okuqhuba kufuphi ne-TC. Nangona iimpumelelo ezinkulu ziboniswa kwiimvavanyo zethu, umlinganiselo wokushisa olinganiselweyo awusivumeli ukuba sifezekise ukuphumelela okukhulu ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yomda weCarnot (\ (\ Delta T / T \)). Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle okubonakaliswe zezi MLC ze-PST kuthethelela u-Olsen xa ekhankanya ukuba “udidi olufanelekileyo lwama-20 lwenjini yokuhlaziya thermoelectric motor esebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-50 °C kunye ne-250 °C inokuba nempumelelo ye-30%”17. Ukufikelela kula maxabiso kunye nokuvavanya umbono, kuya kuba luncedo ukusebenzisa i-PSTs ene-doped kunye nee-TC ezahlukeneyo, njengoko kufundwe nguShebanov kunye noBorman. Babonise ukuba i-TC kwi-PST inokuhluka kwi-3 ° C (i-Sb doping) ukuya kwi-33 ° C (Ti doping) i-22. Ke ngoko, siqikelela ukuba isizukulwana esilandelayo sombane we-pyroelectric regenerators esekwe kwi-doped PST MLCs okanye ezinye imathiriyeli ezinotshintsho oluluqilima lwesigaba somyalelo wokuqala zinokukhuphisana nabona bavuni bamandla bangcono.
Kolu phononongo, siphande ii-MLCs ezenziwe kwi-PST. Ezi zixhobo zibandakanya uthotho lwee-electrode ze-Pt kunye ne-PST, apho ii-capacitor ezininzi ziqhagamshelwe ngaxeshanye. I-PST yakhethwa kuba igqwesile imathiriyeli ye-EC kwaye ngenxa yoko iyimathiriyeli ebalaseleyo ye-NLP. Ibonisa ukutshintshwa kwesigaba sokuqala esibukhali se-ferroelectric-paraelectric isigaba esijikeleze i-20 ° C, ebonisa ukuba utshintsho lwalo lwe-entropy lufana nezo ziboniswe kwi-Fig. 1. Ii-MLC ezifanayo zichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwizixhobo ze-EC13,14. Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ kunye 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. Ii-MLC ezinobukhulu obuyi-1 mm kunye ne-0.5 mm zenziwe ukusuka kwi-19 kunye ne-9 yeeleya ze-PST ezinobunzima be-38.6 µm, ngokulandelelanayo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, umaleko we-PST wangaphakathi ubekwe phakathi kwe-2.05 µm engqindilili yeplatinam electrode. Uyilo lwale MLC luthatha ukuba i-55% ye-PST iyasebenza, ehambelana nenxalenye phakathi kwee-electrodes (iNqaku elongezelelweyo 1). Indawo ye-electrode esebenzayo yayiyi-48.7 mm2 (iThebhile eyoNgezelelweyo ye-5). I-MLC PST yalungiswa ngokusabela kwesigaba esiqinileyo kunye nendlela yokuphosa. Iinkcukacha zenkqubo yokulungiselela zichazwe kwinqaku elingaphambili14. Enye yeeyantlukwano phakathi kwe-PST MLC kunye nenqaku elidlulileyo ngumyalelo we-B-sites, echaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EC kwi-PST. I-odolo ye-B-sites ye-PST MLC yi-0.75 (iNqaku eloNgezelelweyo 2) efunyenwe ngokufaka i-sintering kwi-1400 ° C ilandelwa ngamakhulu eeyure ze-annealing kwi-1000 ° C. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe nge-PST MLC, jonga iiNqaku ezoNgezelelweyo 1-3 kunye neTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo yesi-5.
Ingcamango ephambili yolu phando isekelwe kumjikelezo we-Olson (umzobo 1). Kumjikelo onjalo, sifuna indawo yokugcina amanzi ashushu kwaye abandayo kunye nonikezelo lwamandla olukwazi ukubeka iliso kunye nokulawula umbane kunye nokukhoyo kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo ze-MLC. Le mijikelezo ethe ngqo isetyenziselwe ukucwangciswa kweendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezizezi (1) iimodyuli ze-Linkam zokufudumeza kunye nokupholisa i-MLC enye exhunywe kumthombo wamandla we-Keithley 2410, kunye (2) neeprototypes ezintathu (HARV1, HARV2 kunye ne-HARV3) ngokuhambelana nomthombo ofanayo wamandla. Kwimeko yokugqibela, i-dielectric fluid (ioli ye-silicone ene-viscosity ye-5 cP kwi-25 ° C, ethengwe kwi-Sigma Aldrich) yayisetyenziselwa ukutshintshana kobushushu phakathi kwamachibi amabini (ashushu nabandayo) kunye ne-MLC. I-thermal reservoir iqukethe i-glass container egcwele i-dielectric fluid kwaye ibekwe phezu kwe-thermal plate. Ukugcinwa okubandayo kuqulethwe kwindawo yokuhlambela amanzi kunye neetyhubhu ezingamanzi ezinedielectric fluid kwisitya esikhulu seplastiki esizaliswe ngamanzi kunye nomkhenkce. Iivalve ezimbini ze-pinch yeendlela ezintathu (ezithengwe kwi-Bio-Chem Fluidics) zibekwe ekupheleni kwendibaniselwano ukuze kutshintshe ngokufanelekileyo ulwelo ukusuka kwelinye iqula ukuya kwelinye (Umfanekiso 2a). Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwe-thermal phakathi kwephakheji ye-PST-MLC kunye ne-coolant, ixesha lokujikeleza landiswa kwaze kwaba yilapho i-inlet kunye ne-outlet thermocouples (ekufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwiphakheji ye-PST-MLC) ibonise ukushisa okufanayo. Iscript yePython ilawula kwaye ingqamanise zonke izixhobo (iimitha zomthombo, iimpompo, iivalvu, kunye ne-thermocouples) ukuqhuba umjikelo ochanekileyo we-Olson, oko kukuthi, iluphu yokupholisa iqala ukujikeleza ngestakhi se-PST emva kokuba imitha yomthombo ihlawuliswe ukuze zifudumale kwindawo efunekayo. umbane osetyenzisiweyo kumjikelo ka-Olson onikiweyo.
Kungenjalo, siye saqinisekisa le milinganiselo ngokuthe ngqo yamandla aqokelelweyo ngeendlela ezingathanga ngqo. Ezi ndlela ezingathanga ngqo zisekelwe kwi-electric displacement (D) - intsimi yombane (E) iilophu zentsimi eziqokelelwe kumaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokubala indawo phakathi kwee-loops ezimbini ze-DE, umntu unokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukuba angakanani amandla anokuqokelela, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso. . kumfanekiso 2. .1b. Ezi loops DE kwakhona ziqokelelwe usebenzisa Keithley umthombo imitha.
Ii-PST MLC ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo ezi-1 mm zahlanganiswa kwi-4-row, i-7-column parallel plate structure ngokuhambelana noyilo oluchazwe kwireferensi. 14. Umsantsa wolwelo phakathi kwemiqolo ye-PST-MLC yi-0.75mm. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokongeza imicu yeteyiphu enamacala amabini njengezikhewu zolwelo ezijikeleze imiphetho yePST MLC. I-PST MLC iqhagamshelwe ngombane ngokunxuseneyo kunye nebhulorho yesilivere ye-epoxy ekunxibelelaneni ne-electrode lead. Emva koko, iingcingo zincanyathiselwe nge-epoxy resin yesilivere kwicala ngalinye leetheminali ze-electrode ukuze kudityaniswe nombane. Ekugqibeleni, faka isakhiwo sonke kwi-hose ye-pololefin. Le yokugqibela incamathele kwityhubhu yamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukutywinwa okufanelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, i-0.25 mm ubukhulu be-thermocouples yohlobo lwe-K yakhiwe ekupheleni kwesakhiwo se-PST-MLC ukujonga i-inlet kunye ne-outlet yobushushu bolwelo. Ukwenza oku, i-hose kufuneka ifakwe kuqala. Emva kokufaka i-thermocouple, sebenzisa i-adhesive efanayo nangaphambili phakathi kwe-hose ye-thermocouple kunye nocingo ukuze ubuyisele isitywina.
Iiprototypes ezisibhozo ezahlukeneyo zakhiwa, ezine zazo zine-40 0.5 mm ubukhulu be-MLC PSTs zasasazwa njengeepleyiti ezihambelanayo ezinezintlu ezi-5 kunye nemiqolo eyi-8, kwaye ezine eziseleyo zine-15 1 mm ubukhulu be-MLC PSTs nganye. kwi-3-kholamu × 5-umqolo wesakhiwo seplate ehambelanayo. Inani elipheleleyo le-PST MLCs ezisetyenzisiweyo yayiyi-220 (160 0.5 mm ubukhulu kunye ne-60 PST MLC 1 mm ubukhulu). Ezi yunithi zimbini sizibiza ngokuba yi-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60. Umsantsa wolwelo kwiprototype HARV2_160 iqulathe iiteyiphu ezimbini ezinamacala amabini ubukhulu obuyi-0.25 mm kunye nocingo oluyi-0.25 mm ubukhulu phakathi kwabo. Kwiprototype ye-HARV2_60, siphindaphinda inkqubo efanayo, kodwa sisebenzisa ucingo oluyi-0.38 mm. Kwi-symmetry, i-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60 zineesekethe zazo zolwelo, iimpompo, iivalvu kunye necala elibandayo (Inqaku elongezelelweyo 8). Iiyunithi ezimbini ze-HARV2 zabelana ngovimba wobushushu, isikhongozeli seelitha ezi-3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) kwiipleyiti ezimbini ezishushu ezinomazibuthe ojikelezayo. Zonke iiprototypes ezisibhozo ziqhagamshelwe ngombane ngokuhambelanayo. I-HARV2_160 kunye ne-HARV2_60 subunits zisebenza ngaxeshanye kumjikelo we-Olson okukhokelela kwisivuno samandla se-11.2 J.
Beka i-0.5mm engqingqwa ye-PST MLC kwithumbu lepololefin eneteyiphu emacala amabini kunye nocingo kumacala omabini ukudala isithuba sokuhamba kolwelo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci, iprototype yabekwa ecaleni kwevalve eshushu okanye ebandayo yokugcina amanzi, ukunciphisa amaxesha okujikeleza.
Kwi-PST MLC, intsimi yombane eqhubekayo isetyenziswa ngokufaka i-voltage eqhubekayo kwisebe lokufudumala. Ngenxa yoko, i-thermal current engalunganga yenziwa kwaye amandla agcinwe. Emva kokufudumeza i-PST MLC, intsimi iyasuswa (V = 0), kwaye amandla agcinwe kuyo abuyiselwa kwi-counter counter, ehambelana nenye igalelo lamandla aqokelelweyo. Ekugqibeleni, nge-voltage V = 0 esetyenzisiweyo, i-MLC PSTs ipholile kwiqondo lokushisa lokuqala ukuze umjikelezo uqalise kwakhona. Kweli nqanaba, amandla awaqokelelwa. Siqhube umjikelo we-Olsen usebenzisa i-Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, ihlawulisa i-PST MLC ukusuka kumthombo we-voltage kunye nokubeka umdlalo wangoku kwixabiso elifanelekileyo ukwenzela ukuba amaphuzu aneleyo aqokelelwe ngexesha lesigaba sokutshaja ukubala amandla athembekileyo.
Kwimijikelo ye-Stirling, ii-PST MLCs zahlawuliswa kwimowudi yomthombo wamandla ombane kwixabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala Vi> 0), umji wokuthotyelwa ofunekayo ukuze inyathelo lokutshaja lithathe malunga ne-1 s (kwaye amanqaku awoneleyo aqokelelwa ukubala okuthembekileyo amandla) kunye nobushushu obubandayo. Kwimijikelo ye-Stirling, ii-PST MLCs zahlawuliswa kwimowudi yomthombo wamandla ombane kwixabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala Vi> 0), umji wokuthotyelwa ofunekayo ukuze inyathelo lokutshaja lithathe malunga ne-1 s (kwaye amanqaku awoneleyo aqokelelwa ukubala okuthembekileyo amandla) kunye nobushushu obubandayo. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная температура. Kwimijikelezo ye-Stirling PST MLC, bahlawuliswe kwimowudi yomthombo wombane kwixabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala Vi> 0), isivuno esifunwayo sangoku, ukuze inqanaba lokutshaja lithathe malunga ne-1 s (kunye nenani elaneleyo). amanqaku aqokelelwa ukubala amandla athembekileyo) kunye nobushushu obubandayo.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模大式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi >需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温. Kumjikelo oyintloko, i-PST MLC ihlawuliswa kwixabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala Vi> 0) kwimowudi yomthombo wombane, ukuze ukuthotyelwa okukhoyo ngoku kuthathe malunga nesekondi esi-1 kwinyathelo lokutshaja (kwaye siqokelele amanqaku aneleyo ukubala ngokuthembekileyo (amandla) kunye nobushushu obuphantsi. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) ков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергию) и низкиету темпера . Kumjikelo we-Stirling, i-PST MLC ihlawuliswa kwimowudi yomthombo we-voltage ngexabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala ye-Vi> 0), ukuthotyelwa okufunekayo okwangoku kukuba inqanaba lokutshaja lithatha malunga ne-1 s (kunye nenani elaneleyo). amanqaku aqokelelwa ukubala ngokuthembekileyo amandla) kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi .Ngaphambi kokuba i-PST MLC ishushu, vula isiphaluka ngokusebenzisa i-current ehambelanayo ye-I = 0 mA (ubuncinci obukhoyo obuhambelana nomthombo wethu wokulinganisa unokusingatha i-10 nA). Ngenxa yoko, intlawulo ihlala kwi-PST ye-MJK, kwaye i-voltage iyanda njengoko isampuli ishushu. Akukho mandla aqokelelwa kwingalo BC kuba mna = 0 mA. Emva kokufikelela kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, i-voltage kwi-MLT FT iyanda (kwezinye iimeko ngaphezu kwamaxesha angama-30, jonga umzobo owongezelelweyo 7.2), i-MLK FT ikhutshwe (V = 0), kwaye amandla ombane agcinwe kuwo ngokufanayo. njengoko ziyintlawulo yokuqala. Imbalelwano efanayo yangoku ibuyiselwa kumthombo wemitha. Ngenxa yokufumana amandla ombane, amandla agciniweyo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu angaphezulu koko bekubonelelwe ekuqaleni komjikelo. Ngenxa yoko, amandla afunyanwa ngokuguqula ubushushu bube ngumbane.
Sisebenzise i-Keithley 2410 SourceMeter ukubeka iliso kwi-voltage kwaye yangoku isetyenziswe kwi-PST MLC. Amandla ahambelanayo abalwa ngokudibanisa imveliso yamandla ombane kunye nekhoyo ngoku efundwa imitha yomthombo kaKeithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\ tau} {I}_({\rm {meas))}\ ekhohlo(t\ ekunene){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), apho τ ilithuba lexesha. Kwijika lethu lamandla, amaxabiso aqinisekileyo amandla athetha amandla ekufuneka siwanike i-MLC PST, kwaye amaxabiso angalunganga athetha amandla esiwakhupha kuwo kwaye ke amandla afunyenweyo. Amandla anxulumeneyo kumjikelo wokuqokelela onikiweyo amiselwa ngokwahlula amandla aqokelelweyo ngexesha τ lomjikelezo wonke.
Yonke idatha iboniswe kwisicatshulwa esiphambili okanye ngolwazi olongezelelweyo. Iileta kunye nezicelo zezixhobo kufuneka zibhekiswe kumthombo wedatha ye-AT okanye ye-ED enikwe eli nqaku.
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ISebe lezoPhando lweMathiriyeli kunye neTekhnoloji, iLuxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), eBelvoir, eLuxembourg