Ukunikela imithombo yombane ozinzileyo yenye yezona mingeni zibalulekileyo kule nkulungwane. Iindawo zophando kwizinto zokuvuna kwamandla kwinkuthazo, kubandakanya ne-Thermoectric1, ifotoVoltaic2 kunye ne-thermophovltaics3. Nangona sinako kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuvuna Amandla kwi-Joule Uluhlu, izixhobo zepilelectric ezinokuguqula amandla ombane athatyathwayo zithathelwa ingqalelo izifo oxineneyo Apha siphuhlise i-curtoscopic ye-thermal ye-thermal ye-thermal kwimo ye-National Popacier eyenziwe nge-42 yeegram ze-Trandium Tantalate, ivelisa i-11.2 j yemijelo yombane ngomjikelo wombane. Imodyuli nganye ye-pyroelectric inokuvelisa uxinano lwamandla ombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-4.43 J CM-3 kumjikelo ngamnye. Sikwabonisa ukuba iimodyuli ezimbini ezinobunzima be-0.3 g zanele ukuba zisebenze ngamandla amandla e-automomous yamandla anemicroControntrollers efakwe kunye nezixhobo zobushushu. Okokugqibela, sibonisa ukuba kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 k, la mandla e-mbociather anokufikelela kwi-40% ye-carnot esebenzayo. Ezi ndawo zibangelwa (1) Inqanaba le-Ferroelectric Guqula ukutshintsha okuphezulu, (2) ukuvuza okuphantsi, (2) ukuvuza okuphantsi komhlaba ukuthintela ilahleko, kunye (3) filtage ephezulu yokuqhekeka. Ezi macroscopic, ezikhawulezayo nezifanelekileyo zePyroectric
Xa kuthelekiswa neqondo lobushushu le-spaetial efunwayo kwizinto ze-thermoelector, ukuvunwa kwamandla kwezixhobo ze-thermoelectric kufuna ukujikeleza kweqondo lokushiyeka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba umjikelo we-thermodynamic, ochazwe kakuhle ku-Entropy (s) -imzobo (t) umzobo. Umzobo 1A ubonakalisa i-pin ye-st ye-Stroectric Pyroectric (NLP) yezinto eziqhutywa yintsilelo ye-ferroectric-geraectric-radectric yenqanaba le-Scandium ekhokelela kwi-tantalate (PST). Amacandelo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neluhlaza womjikelo kumzobo weSt ngokuhambelana namandla ombane atshintshiweyo kumjikelo we-Olson (i-isotherim ezimbini kunye ne-isopomal kunye necandelo elibini lesopole. Apha sijonga imijikelezo emibini enotshintsho lwendawo ofanayo yombane (intsimi eqhubekayo) kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu Umjikelo oluhlaza awukho kummandla wotshintsho lwesigaba kwaye ke unendawo encinci kakhulu kunomjikelo weblowu obufumaneka kwingingqi yeSigaba seNgqesho. Kwimizobo, enkulu le ndawo, amandla amakhulu eqokelelweyo. Ke ngoko, utshintsho lwenqanaba kufuneka luqokelele amandla ngakumbi. Imfuneko ye-SECCY yendawo enkulu kwi-NLP ifana kakhulu nesidingo sezicelo ze-electronel-10, 10, 12 apho i-PSSECAITERS (MLCs) kunye nePVDFrs esekwe kwi-PVDF ibonise ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo. Isimo sentsebenzo yokupholisa Umjikelo 13,14,15,16. Ke ngoko, sichonge i-PSS ye-PSS yomdla wokufumana amandla okuqhankqalaza. Ezi sampulu zichazwe ngokupheleleyo kwiindlela kwaye ziphawulwe amanqaku ongezelelweyo 1 (Skena i-elektroni microscopy), 2 (i-2 (i-2 (i-1 (i-1 (i-1 (i-3 (i-calolomter).
A, sketch ye-Ecerpy (S) -Umntu (t) iyelenqe lendawo yombane kwaye igcinwe isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-NLP ezibonisa iNgcaciso yeSigaba. Imijikelezo yokuqokelelwa kwamandla amabini iboniswa kwimimandla emibini yobushushu eyahlukeneyo. Imijikelezo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neluhlaza zenzeka ngaphakathi nangaphandle kotshintsho lwesigaba, kwaye iphela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomphezulu. B, I-DE PST MLC ye-Inlungu i-UNIporar, i-1 mm imbi, ilinganiswe phakathi kwe-0 ne-155 kv cm-1 nge-20 ° ukuya kwi-20 ° ukuya kwi-9 ° C, ngokwahlukeneyo i-olsen miycles. Iileta ABCD zibhekisa kumazwe ahlukeneyo kumjikelo we-Olson. AB: I-MLCs ihlawuliswe kwi-155 kv cm-1 nge-20 ° C. I-BC: I-MLC yagcinwa kwi-155 kv cm-1 kwaye iqondo lobushushu lakhuliswa kwangama-90 ° C. I-CD: I-MLC ikhuphe i-90 ° C. Da: I-MLC ihlawulwe ukuya kwi-20 ° C kwintsimi yero. Indawo eblowu ihambelana kwinqanaba lokufaka elifunekayo ukuqala umjikelo. Indawo ye-orenji ngamandla eqokelelwe kumjikelo omnye. C, iphaneli ephezulu, i-voltage (emnyama) kunye nexesha langoku (ibomvu) ngokuchasene nexesha, lilandelwe ngexesha lomjikelo we-Olson ofanayo njengoko b. Ezi fakazo zimbini zibonisa ukwanda kwe-voltage nangoku kumanqaku aphambili kumjikelo. Kwipaneli esezantsi, ijika elityheli kunye neluhlaza libonisa ubushushu obuhambelanayo kunye ne-curves ezinamanzi, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwi-1 mm i-mlc. Amandla kubalwa ukusuka kwi-curves yangoku kunye ne-voltage kwiphaneli ephezulu. Amandla amabi ahambelana nemimandla eqokelelweyo. Amanyathelo ahambelana noonobumba abakhulu kumanani amane ayafana nakumjikelo we-Olson. Umjikelo uAbd ulingana nomjikelo wokuxhokonxa (inqaku elongezelelweyo 7).
Apho i-E kunye D yintsimi yombane kunye nentsimi yokuhanjiswa kombane, ngokulandelelana. I-ND inokufunyanwa ngokungathanga ngqo ukusuka kwi-De Socker (Fig. 1B) okanye ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqala komjikelo we-thermodynamic. Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yayichazwe ngu-OliSn kubuvulindlela bobuvulindlela kwiqokelela amandla ePyroelectric nge-1980s17.
Kwi-Fig. I-1B ibonisa i-monopolar de loops ye-1 mm i-PST-ML ye-PST-ML ye-PST-ML ye-PST-MM kunye ne-C kunye ne-9 ° C, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwi-155 kv cm-1 (600 v). Le mijikelo mibini ingasetyenziselwa ukubala ngokungathanga ngqo amandla aqokelelwe ngumjikelo we-Olson oboniswe kumzobo 1A. Ngapha koko, umjikelo we-Olsen unemigangatho emibini ye-Isotield (apha, intsimi ye-15 kwisebe le-155 kwisebe le-BC) kunye ne-20 ° p5 ° p. C kwisebe le-CD) Amandla aqokelelwe ngexesha lomjikelo ahambelana nemimandla ye-orenji kunye ne-Blue (EDD). Amandla aqokelelweyo i-ND ngumahluko phakathi kwegalelo kunye negalelo lamandla, okt kuphela indawo yeorenji kwi-orenji. 1b. Lo mjikelo we-Olson unika i-ND Mandla uxinzelelo lwe-1.78 J CM-3. Umjikelo wokuxhokonxa yenye indlela ye-Olson yomjikelo (inqaku lencam 7). Kungenxa yokuba inqanaba lokuhlawulelwa rhoqo (isiphaluka esivulekileyo) sifikeleleke ngokulula, uxinano lwamandla oluthunyelwe kwi-fig. 1b (umjikelo) ufikelela kwi-1.25 j cm-3. Le yi-70% yento enomjikelo we-Olson unokuqokelela, kodwa izixhobo zokuvuna ezilula ziyenza.
Ukongeza, salinganisa amanqanaba aqokelelwe ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha le-Olson Umjikelo wokuphumelela i-PST MLC yenqanaba lokulawula amaqondo obushushu kunye nemitha yomthombo (indlela yomthombo). Umzobo we-1c phezulu kwaye kwii-insets ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba i-ORT) kunye ne-voltage (emnyama) eqokelelwe kwi-1 mm ye-PST ye-Olson ihamba ngomjikelo ofanayo we-Olson. Okwangoku kunye neflogiage yenza ukuba ukubala amandla aqokelelweyo, kwaye ijikajika liboniswe kwi-Fig. I-1c, ezantsi (iluhlaza) kunye neqondo lobushushu (ityheli) kulo lonke umjikelo. Iileta abcd zibonisa ukwenziwa kwe-Olson ngokufanayo kwi-Fig. I-MLC Drings yenzeka ngexesha le-AB umlenze ophantsi kwaye yenziwa kwi-AB emlenzeni kwaye yenziwa ngokomgaqo-nkqubo ophantsi, ngenxa yoko kufuneka alawule. Isiphumo sale ngqekazo iqhubekayo kukuba i-cultage curve (i-curve emnyama) ayisiyo intsimi yendawo engekho mgangathweni ye-DST (i-1C. Ekupheleni kokutshaja, i-30 MJ yamandla wombane igcinwe kwi-MLC (inqaku B). I-MLC emva koko ivale kwaye i-One-Off okwangoku (kwaye ke yona ivelisiwe okwangoku) ngelixa i-voltage ihleli ingama-900 ° C. I-voltage kwi-MLC (yesebe) incitshisiwe, ikhokelela kwi-60 MJ yomsebenzi wombane. Amandla apheleleyo aphuma angama-95 MJ. Amandla aqokelelweyo ngumahluko phakathi kwegalelo kunye namandla okukhupha, onika i-95 - 30 = 65 MJ. Oku kuhambelana nokuxinana kwamandla kwi-1.84 j cm-3, esondele kakhulu kwi-ND ekhutshwe kwi-Dering. Ukuzala kwalo mjikelo we-Olson uvavanywa kakhulu (inqaku lenkxaso 4). Ngokwenza okungakumbi i-voltage kunye neqondo lokushisa, siphumelele i-4.43 J CM-3 Sebenzisa imijikelezo ye-Olsen kwi-MLC MLC ngaphezulu kwe-750 mm v (195) kunye ne-175 ° C (inqaku elongezelelekileyo 5). Eli lixesha elinamaxesha amane ngakumbi kuneyona ntsebenzo ilungileyo inikwe ingxelo kuncwadi lwe-Olson Cycles kwaye yafunyanwa kwiifilimu ezinqabileyo ze-PB (i-MG, i-TBITO3 (i-MG-PT) ye-O3-3) ye-18 (cm. Le ntsebenzo ifikelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi mLCs (<10-7 a nge-750 v kunye ne-180 ° C, inqaku elibalulekileyo elikhankanywe nguSmith Et Al.17 -20. Le ntsebenzo ifikelelwe ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi mLCs (<10-7 a nge-750 v kunye ne-180 ° C, inqaku elibalulekileyo elikhankanywe nguSmith Et Al.17 -20. ЭтC (<10-7 а оокому ттечки утечки ури 7 токи I-в в пирим чании ммссссссс ммоон,, сыы с 19 - I-Отличичие от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от от мтерьом иооов исоовованиян111. Ezi mpawu zafezekiswa ngenxa yokuvuza okuphantsi kakhulu kwezi mLCs (<10-7 A nge-750 v kunye ne-180 ° C, inqaku eliyingqongileyo 6 lendawo ephambili ekhankanywe nguSmith et al. 19 - Ngokuhambelana nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwizifundo zangaphambili ze-187,20.由于这些 MLC 的泄漏电流非常低由于 这些 MLC 的 的 非常的相比之下, 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料 17.20. Пэих (ь нтень нокень нтечки утечки утечки утень ури 70 п п п п 18 кючючевой омент, упомнут с I-Intanethi лвненения, бытеи Ukusukela oko ukuvuza okwangoku kwezi mLCs ziphantsi kakhulu (<10-7 A nge-750 v kunye ne-180 ° C, inqaku eliyingqongileyo 6 ngeenkcukacha)-Inqaku eliphambili elikhankanywe nguSmith et al. 19 - Xa kuthelekiswa, le misebenzi yafezekiswa.kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwizifundo zangaphambili 17,20.
Iimeko ezifanayo (600 v, 20-90 ° C) isetyenzisiwe kumjikelo wokuxhokonxa (inqaku elongezelelekileyo 7). Njengoko bekulindelwe kwiziphumo zoMjikelo we-DEW, isivuno sasingama-41.0 MJ. Elinye lawona manqaku ahlabayo emingxunyeni sycles sycles kukhuselo lwabo lokukhulisa i-voltage yokuqala ngefuthe le-thermoectric. Sajonga i-voltage ufumana ukuya kuthi ga kwi-39 (ukusuka kwi-voltage yokuqala ye-15 v ukuya kwi-v ukuya kwi-590 v, jonga umzobo owongezelelweyo. 7.2).
Enye into eyahlulahlula ii-MLCs kukuba izinto ze-macroscopic zezinto ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo zokuqokelela amandla kuluhlu lwaseJoule. Ke ngoko, sasakha ivumba le-prototype (iHarv1) lisebenzisa i-28 mlc pst 1 mm ingu-Thipt, ilandela i-therip ye-pite ye-Tourald e-Toistal igcinwe apho i-pumputer igcinwe khona (indlela). Qokelela ukuya kwi-3.1 J usebenzisa umjikelo we-Olson ochazwe kwi-Fig. I-2a, imimandla ye-isothermal nge-10 ° C kunye ne-125 ° C kunye ne-Issoloed Reds kwi-0 ne-750 v (195 kv cm-1). Oku kuhambelana nokuxinana kwamandla kwe-3.14 j cm-3. Sebenzisa oku kudityaniswa, imilinganiselo yathatyathwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo (Fig 2b). Qaphela ukuba i-1.8 j yafunyanwa ngaphezulu kwe-80 ° C kunye ne-voltage ye-600 v (155 kv cm-1). Oku kwisivumelwano esihle kunye ne-65 MJ ye-15 mJ ye-1 mm i-PST MLC phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo (28 × 65 = 1820 mj).
I-A, i-Expresption Stoptype ye-Harv1 esekwe kwi-28 mlc ye-I-MLC ye-1 mm ingu-MM Kumjikelo ngamnye wamanyathelo amane omjikelo wamanyathelo, ubushushu kunye ne-voltage inikezwe kwiprototype. Ikhompyuter iqhuba impompo ye-peristalitic ejikeleza i-Deidric Faly Alweid phakathi kweendawo ezibandayo nezishushu, iivalta ezimbini, kunye nomthombo wamandla. Ikhompyuter ikwasebenzisa i-thermocouples yokuqokelela idatha kwi-voltage kwaye ibonelelwe ngoku kwi-prototype kunye neqondo lobushushu lendawo yokudibanisa. B, Amandla (umbala) oqokelelwe yi-4 protortype protory protory protory protory (x-axis) kunye ne-voltage (y-axis) kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo.
Inguqulelo enkulu yevumba (iHarv2) ene-60 pst mlc 1 mm i-00 PST MLC 0.5 PST MLC (41.7 Gen) (41.7 g (inqaku le-8). Ngo-1984, uOlisen wenza ivumba lamandla esekwe kwi-317 g ye-tin ye-tin (ZR, i-ti) i-O3 ye-O3 ye-O3 ye-O3 ekwazi ukuvelisa i-6.2 ° C yombane kwiqondo lokuxinana malunga ne-150 ° C (21). Ngale ndlela, le kuphela kwexabiso elikhoyo kuluhlu lweJoule. Ibisigqitha ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sexabiso esilifumene kwaye phantse kasixhenxe umgangatho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuxinana kwamandla eHarv2 ngamaxesha ali-13 ngaphezulu.
Ixesha le-harv1 le-Harv1 yimizuzwana engama-57. Le ivelise i-54 MW yamandla enemigca emi-4 yeekholamu ezi-7 zeeseti ze-MM ze-MMC. Ukuthatha inyathelo elinye, sazakhela isithathu isithathu (iHarv3) nge-0.5mm ye-0.5mm ye-PST MLC kunye ne-Stoup efanayo kwiHarv1 kunye ne-harv2 (i-Harv2). Silinganisa ixesha lokuthengiswa kwemizuzwana eli-12,5. Oku kuhambelana nexesha lomjikelo we-25 s (le-9). Amandla aqokelelweyo (47 MJ) anika amandla ombane we-1.95 MW kwi-MLC, ethi ivumele ukuba sicinge ukuba i-Harv2 ivelise i-Harv2 wp mlc 0.5 mm ingu-MLC 0.5 mm mlc). Ukongeza, siye satshintshe ubushushu be-SUbs sisebenzisa i-Fitel Remitel Summation (Compasson, inqaku lezongezelelweyo le-10 kunye neetafile ezinokuxabanisa 2 kunye novavanyo oluhambelana novavanyo lweHarv1. Imodeli ye-fitement yenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba iphinde iqikelele amaxabiso amandla aphezulu (i-430 MW) yenani elilinganayo le-PST ngokulila i-MLC ukuya kwi-MLC ibe yi-MLC ukuya kwi-Matrix ukuya kwimigca emi-7. Iikholamu ezi-4 (ukongeza kwi, bekukho i-960 mw xa itanki lalikufuphi ne-10b).
Ukubonisa ukuba luncedo kwalo mqokeleli, umjikelo wokuxhuzula wasetyenziswa kwi-STT-yodwa ye-PSSE ye-PSSCs njengabaqokeleli be-DCS, i-DC / DC, i-thertoub ye-DC, inqaku le-11). Isekethe ifuna ukuba i-canocitor yokugcina ihlawulwe ekuqaleni i-9V kwaye iqhube ngokuzenzekelayo ngelixa ubushushu be-MLCs ezimbini ukusuka kwi-160 ° C, apha kwimijikelezo ye-160 ye-S (iqela leqela). Ngokumangalisayo, ii-MLC ezimbini ezinobunzima be-0.3g inokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo le nkqubo inkulu. Enye into enomdla kukuba i-voltage ye-voltage inamandla okuguqula i-400v ukuya kwi-1000v ukuya kwi-10,5% ukusebenza ngempumelelo (inqaku lenkxaso mali (inqaku elongezelelekileyo 11 kwaye lisongezelela.3).
Ekugqibeleni, sivavanye ukusebenza kwezi modyuli zeMLC ekuguquleni amandla e-thermal kumandla ombane. Inqaku elisemgangathweni
Amanani 3A, B ubonise ukusebenza kakuhle Zombini iiseti zedatha zinikezelwa kwicandelo lombane kwi-195 kv cm-1. Ukusebenza kakuhle \ (\ oku \) kufikelela kwi-1.43%, elingana ne-18% ye-ηr. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 k ukusuka kwi-25 ° C ukuya kwi-35 ° C, ηr ifikelela kwi-40% (i-curve eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Eli lixabiso eliqhelekileyo lezinto ze-NLP ezibhalwe kwi-PMn-PT Fightms (ηr = 19%) kuluhlu lobushushu lwe-10 k kunye ne-300 kv cm-1 (Ref. 18). Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwe-10 k engathathelwa ingqalelo kuba i-hysteressis ye-pstoal ye-PST MLC iphakathi kwe-5 ne-8 k. Ukuqwalaselwa kwesiphumo sokusebenza kakuhle kubalulekile. Ngapha koko, amaxabiso aphezulu e-η kwaye ηr phantse onke afunyenwe kwiqondo lobushushu le-TI = 25 ° C kwi-figs. 3a, b. Oku kungenxa yotshintsho lwesigaba esisondeleyo xa kungekho ntsimi isetyenzisiweyo kunye neqondo lobushushu i-TC ijikeleze i-20 ° C kwezi mLCs (inqaku elongezelelekileyo 13).
A, B, ukusebenza kakuhle η kunye nokusebenza kakuhle komjikelo we-Olson (a) }}} \, \) (b) ye-MPC PST 0.5 mm, kuxhomekeke kwithutyana le-δtspan.
Ukutyelwa kokugqibela kuneziphumo ezibini ezibalulekileyo: (1) nayiphi na ibhayisikile esebenzayo kufuneka iqale kumaqondo obushushu kwi-TC yeSoftware eseMgabathweni yeSikhundla (ukusuka kwi-picroectric ukuya kwi-Ferroectric) ukuba kwenzeke; (2) Ezi zixhobo zisebenza ngakumbi xa zibaleka amaxesha akufutshane ne-TC. Nangona impumelelo enkulu iboniswa kuvavanyo lwethu, uluhlu lwamaqondo obushushu alinganiselweyo alusivumeli ukuba sifezekise ukusebenza okukhulu ngenxa yomda we-carnot (\ (\ Debta t / T \). Nangona kunjalo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kuboniswa kwezi ze-PST ze-PST Iyuliza i-Olsen xa ukhankanya ukuba "igumbi elifanelekileyo leShedmoelectrication isebenza kwi-50 ° 2 ° C ukuba nempumelelo kwe-30% 17. Ukufikelela ezi nqobo kwaye kuvavanye umxholo, kuya kuba luncedo ukusebenzisa i-dods dred nge-TCS eyahlukeneyo, njengoko ifundwe nguShebanov kunye ne-borman. Babonisa ukuba i-TC kwi-PST ingahluka ukusuka kwi-3 ° C (SB i-C (SB) ukuya kwi-33 ° C (i-ti doping) 22. Ke ngoko, siyayihlambela loo nto ukuba izakhiwo ezilandelayo zePyroectritors zePyroelectric zisekwe kwi-DOST MLCs okanye ezinye izinto ezinotshintsho lwenqanaba lokuqala loku-odola zinokukhuphisana nabavuni ababalaseleyo.
Kolu phononongo, saphanda ii-MLCs ezenziwe kwi-pst. Ezi zixhobo zinoluhlu lwe-PT kunye ne-PST electrodes, apho amandla aliqela axhunyiwe kwi-parallel. I-PST yanyulwa kuba yinto ebalaseleyo ye-EC kwaye ke ngoko i-NLP elungileyo ye-NLP. Ibonisa utshintsho lwenqanaba lokuqala le-ferroectric-radectric-piraectric-piraectric-° C, ebonisa ukuba utshintsho lwawo olungena-Ebropy luhambelana nezo ziboniswe kwi-Fig. Kolu phononongo, sisebenzise i-10.4 × 7. 7.2 × 1 mm³ kunye ne-10.4 × 1 × 7,2 × 0.5 mm³ mmccs. I-MLCs enobunzima be-1 mm kunye ne-0,5 mm yenziwa ukusuka kwi-19 ne-9 ye-PST ngobungqingqwa be-38.6 μm, ngokulandelelana. Kuzo zombini iimeko, umaleko wangaphakathi we-PST wabekwa phakathi kwe-2.05 μm iPlatinam Electrodes. Uyilo lwezi zeMLCs lucinga ukuba i-55% ye-PSTS iyasebenza, ihambelana nenxalenye phakathi kwe-electrode (inqaku elongezelelweyo 1). Indawo esebenzayo ye-electrode yayiyi-48,7 mm2 (itheyibhile yongezo 5). I-MLC PST ilungiswe yinqanaba eliqinileyo lokuphendula kunye nendlela yokuphosa. Iinkcukacha zenkqubo yokulungiselela zichaziwe kwinqaku eliphelileyo. Omnye womahluko phakathi kwe-PST MLC kunye nenqaku elidlulileyo ngumyalelo we-B-zezakhiwo, ezichaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EC kwi-PST. I-odolo ye-B-iisayithi ze-PST MLC yi-0.75 (inqaku lenkxaso 2) lifunyenwe li-1400 ° C lilandelwe ngamakhulu iiyure ezilandelwa nge-1000 ° C. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya kwi-PST MLC, jonga amanqaku abongezelelweyo 1-3 kwaye ongezelelweyo kwiTheyibhile 5.
Eyona nto iphambili kolu phononongo isekwe kumjikelo we-Olson (Fig. 1). Ngomjikelo onjalo, sifuna indawo yokugcina ishushu nenobunzima kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla ekwaziyo ukubeka iliso nokulawula i-voltage nangoku kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo zeMLC. Le mijikelo ethe ngqo isebenzise iinguqu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezizezinye (1) I-Councomp Molos eshushu kunye nokupholisa i-MLC enye ye-2410, kunye (2) nge-protobypes (i-harv2) nge-harvlel yamandla afanayo. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ulwelo lwe-dilic (ioyile yesilika ene-5 cp nge-25 cp nge-25 ° C, ithengiwe kwi-SIGMA Aldrich) yayisetyenziselwa ukutshintshiselana ngamandla (kushushu kwaye kubanda) kunye ne-MLC. Indawo yokugcina i-shirmal inezitya zeglasi ezizaliswe ngulwelo lwediliya kwaye zibekwe ngaphezulu kweplate ye-thermal. Ukugcinwa kobushushu kubandakanya ukuhlamba kwamanzi kunye neetyhubhu ezingamanzi eziqulathe ulwelo lwe-diectric kwisitya esikhulu seplastiki esizaliswe ngamanzi kunye nomkhenkce. Ii-valve ezimbini zendlela ezintathu ezinamaxesha amathathu anesithathu Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwe-thermal phakathi kwephakheji ye-PST-MLC kunye nexesha lokuphola, ixesha lomjikelo lalindisiwe kude kufike i-inlet kwaye ikhuphe i-thermoumpes (kufutshane ne-PSTC ye-PSTC) ibonise ubushushu obufanayo. Ikrithi yePython ilawula kwaye ilungelelanise zonke izixhobo (iimitha zomthombo, iimpompo, kunye ne-valls, kunye ne-valmoud) i-vills echanekileyo ye-PST emva kokuba ihlawulwe kwi-voltage enqwenelekayo ye-Olson esetyenzisiweyo.
Ngenye indlela, siqinisekisile le milinganiselo icacileyo yokuqokelelwa amandla ngeendlela ezingathanga ngqo. Ezi ndlela zingathanga ngqo zisekelwa kwicandelo lombane (d) - intsimi yombane (e) intsimi yentsimi eqokelelweyo kubushushu obahlukeneyo, kwaye umntu unokuqikelela ukuba anokuqokelelwa amandla, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo. Kwimifanekiso 2 ..1b. Ezi valops ziqokelelwa zisebenzisa i-keithy gorters.
Amashumi amabini anesibhozo ee-1 mm arst PSSCs bahlanganisene kumqolo we-4, i-7-yeKholamu emi-7-yeKholamu yeKholamu ehambelana nePlate echazwe kwisalathiso. I-14. Umqala we-fluid phakathi kwe-PST-MLC Rows yi-0.75mm. Oku kufezekiswa ngokwandisa imitya ye-tepe ephindwe kabini njengezithuba zolwelo ezijikeleze imiphetho ye-PST MLC. I-PST MLC ixhunyiwe ngombane kwi-parallel ngebhulorho ye-Epoxy yesilivere ekunxibelelaneni ne-electrode ikhokelela. Emva koko, iingcingo zazibhalwe ngesilivere i-epoxy ren kwicala ngalinye lemiphetho ye-electrode ukuze ihambelane nombane. Okokugqibela, faka yonke isakhiwo kwi-poloolefin hose. Elokugqibela lenziwe ityhubhu ye-fluid ukuqinisekisa ukutywinwa okufanelekileyo. Okokugqibela, i-0.25 mm i-k-Chwetheza i-thermocouples eyakhiwe kwisiphelo ngasinye sesakhiwo se-PST-MLC sokubeka iliso kwi-inlet kunye namaqondo obushushu olwelo. Ukwenza oku, i-hose kufuneka kuqala ibethwa. Emva kokufaka i-thermocouple, faka into efanayo njengangaphambili phakathi kwe-thermocouple hose kwaye ucingo ukubuyisela itywina.
Iiprototypes ezisibhozo zakhiwa, ezine ezine-40 0.5 mm ezinkulu ze-mlc ze-mlc zisasazwe njengeeplate ezifanayo ezineekholamu ezi-5 kunye neekholamu ezisele zine-MLC inee-MLC ze-MLC i-MLC i-MLC i-mlc i-mlc inesibindi. Kwikholam ye-3 × 5-roll pharal pharal. Inani elipheleleyo le-PST MLCs elisetyenzisiweyo yayingama-220 (160 0.5 mm kwaye i-60 PST MLC 1 mm ingu-1 mm. Oku sikubiza i-harv20_60s kunye neHarv2_60. I-raptyped ye-protottype harv2_160 iqulethe iitephu ezimbini ezinamacala 0.25 mm ubukhulu nge-wire 0.25 mm ubukhulu phakathi kwabo. Kwi-Harv2_60 i-prototype, siphinda inkqubo efanayo, kodwa sisebenzisa i-0.38 mm iwile. Ngolungelelwaniso, i-harv2_60 kunye neHarv2_60 ineesekethe zazo ze-fluid, iimpompo, i-valves kunye necala elongezelelweyo (inqaku elongezelelweyo 8). Iiyunithi ezimbini zeHarv2 zabelana nge-subvoir yobushushu, i-3 cm x x 1 cm i-5 cm) kwiipleyiti ezishushu. Zonke iiprototypes ezisibhozo zixhunyiwe ngombane kwi-farallel. I-harv2_60 kunye neHarv2_60 imigangatho yangaxeshanye kumjikelo we-Olson obakhokelela kwi-11.2 J.
Beka i-0.5mm i-pst mlc kwi-polyolefin hose ene-tepe ephindwe kabini kunye ne-wire kumacala omabini ukwenza indawo yolwelo ukuba ihambe. Ngenxa yesayizi yayo encinci, iprototype ibekwe ecaleni kwevalve eshushu okanye ebandayo yevalve, inciphise amaxesha.
Kwi-PST MLC, intsimi yombane eqhubekayo isetyenziswa ngokusebenzisa i-voltage rhoqo kwisebe elishushu. Ngenxa yoko, i-shirm engalunganga ivelisiwe kwaye amandla agcinwa. Emva kokufudumeza i-PST MLC, intsimi isusiwe (v = 0), kunye namandla agcinwe kuwo abuyiselwe kwicandelo lemithombo, ehambelana negalelo elinye lamandla aqokelelweyo. Okokugqibela, ngevolthi v = 0 isetyenzisiwe, i-MLC ye-MLC ipholile kubushushu babo bokuqala ukuze umjikelo uqalise kwakhona. Ngeli nqanaba, amandla akaqokelelwa. Sabaleka umjikelo we-Olsen usebenzisa i-keithy 2410mermeter 2410mermeter ye-2410, ukubiza i-PST MLC ukusuka kumthombo wevolthi kunye nokuseta umdlalo ofanelekileyo kwixabiso elaneleyo lokuqokelelwa kwenqanaba lokutsala.
Kwimijikelezo eshukumisayo, i-PST MLCs ihlawuliswe kwimowudi ye-voltage kwixabiso lokuqala lombane (i-Voltage yokuqala ye-VI> Kwimijikelezo eshukumisayo, i-PST MLCs ihlawuliswe kwimowudi ye-voltage kwixabiso lokuqala lombane (i-Voltage yokuqala ye-VI> I-цикжччничческа нисжччничч наиаьчнич наичния (Начальное наплае Н >плене v> 0) дотатое кочекоет дачековововововоежнововов дадежноежноесноесное Kwimijikelezo ye-PST ye-PST ye-PST, bahlawuliswa kwimowudi ye-Voltage kwixabiso lokuqala lendawo yombane (i-voltage yokuqala ye-VI>), i-Wivel yokuqala yangoku iqokelelwa malunga ne-1 s (kunye nenani lamanqaku aneleyo aqokelelwa ukuba ubalo olunokuthenjwa) kunye nobushushu obubandayo.在斯特林循环中, PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值 (初始电压 vi> 0) 0) 充电, 秒 1 秒 1 秒 (并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量) 和低温. Kumjikelo oMkhulu, i-PST MLC ihlawuliswa kwixabiso lokuqala lombane (i-voltage yokuqala i-0) kwimowudi yevolthi, kwaye siqokelele amanqaku afunekayo ukubala ngokuxhomekeka (amandla) kunye neqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. (Нацаинга PST нарреньржрчжссссс I-0), тчжжннннннииии 1ээнн 1 1 1 1 1 колитетаргию) низжежмммератежемумуему Kumjikelo wokuxhwithela, i-PST MLC ihlawuliswa kwimowudi ye-Voltage ngexabiso lokuqala lecandelo lombane (i-voltage yokuqala iqokelelwa ukuba ibala amandla) kunye namaqondo obushushu asezantsi.Ngaphambi kokuba i-PST MLC iyahlola, vula isekethe ngokusebenzisa umdlalo we-I = Ngenxa yoko, intlawulo ihleli kwi-PST ye-MJK, kwaye i-voltage inyuke njengesape shuats phezulu. Akukho mandla eqokelelwa kwingalo ye-BC kuba = 0 ma. Emva kokufikelela kubushushu obuphezulu, i-voltage kwi-MLT ft ye-MLT (kwezinye iimeko kungaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-30, jonga umkhiwane ongezelelweyo. Imbalelwano efanayo yangoku ibuyiselwe kwimitha yemitha. Ngenxa yokufumana i-voltage, amandla agciniweyo kubushushu obuphezulu aphezulu kuneyona nto ibonelelweyo ekuqaleni komjikelo. Ngenxa yoko, amandla afunyanwa ngokuguqula ubushushu ibe ngumbane.
Sasebenzisa i-keithy 2410mentment ye-2410 yokubeka iliso kwi-voltage kwaye isetyenziswe ngoku kwi-PST MLC. Amandla ahambelanayo kubalwa ngokudibanisa imveliso ye-voltage kwaye ifundwe okwangoku yi-keithy yomthombo we-keithyles yomthombo, \ {}} {\ {\ {\), apho likho ixesha le ixesha. Kwijika lethu lethu, amaxabiso afanelekileyo athetha amandla ekufuneka sizinike i-MLC PST, kwaye amaxabiso amabi athetha amandla esiwakhuphe kuwo kwaye ke amandla afunyenweyo. Amandla esihlobo somjikelo wokuqokelelwa esinikiweyo simiselwe ngokwahlula amandla aqokelelweyo ngethuba τ kumjikelo wonke.
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ISebe lezoPhando ngoPhando kunye neTekhnoloji, iZiko leTekhnoloji (Ludwe lombourg