I-alloy ngumxube wezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zeekhemikhali (ubuncinane enye yazo yintsimbi) ezineempawu zesinyithi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka ngokudibanisa inxalenye nganye ibe lulwelo olufanayo uze uyijike.
Ii-alloys zinokuba yenye yezona ntlobo zintathu zilandelayo: isisombululo esiqinileyo sesigaba esinye sezinto, umxube wezigaba ezininzi zesinyithi, okanye i-intermetallic compound yeesinyithi. Ulwakhiwo lwe-microalloys kwisisombululo esiqinileyo lunesigaba esinye, kwaye ezinye ii-alloys kwisisombululo zinezigaba ezibini nangaphezulu. Ukusasazwa kusenokufana okanye kungafani, kuxhomekeke kutshintsho lobushushu ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholisa kwezinto. Ii-intermetallic compounds zihlala ziquke i-alloy okanye isinyithi esicocekileyo esijikelezwe sisinyithi esinye esicocekileyo.
Ii-alloys zisetyenziswa kwezinye izinto kuba zineempawu ezingcono kunezo ze-metal elements ezicocekileyo. Imizekelo yee-alloys ibandakanya intsimbi, i-solder, i-brass, i-pewter, i-phosphor bronze, i-amalgam, nezinye izinto ezifana nayo.
Ukwakheka kwe-alloy ngokubanzi kubalwa ngokwe-mass ratio. Ii-alloys zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-substitution alloys okanye ii-interstitial alloys ngokwe-atomic composition yazo, kwaye zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-homogeneous phases (isigaba esinye kuphela), ii-heterogeneous phases (iisigaba ezingaphezu kwesinye) kunye nee-intermetallic compounds (akukho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwezi zigaba zimbini). imida). [2]
isishwankathelo
Ukwenziwa kwee-alloys kudla ngokutshintsha iipropati zezinto ezisisiseko, umzekelo, amandla entsimbi makhulu kuneenxalenye zayo eziphambili, isinyithi. Iipropati zomzimba ze-alloy, ezinje ngoxinano, ukusabela, i-modulus kaYoung, umbane kunye nokuqhuba ubushushu, zinokufana neenxalenye ze-alloy, kodwa amandla okuxinana kunye namandla okucheba kwe-alloy zihlala zinxulumene neepropati zezinto ezisisiseko. zahlukile kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ulungiselelo lwee-athomu kwi-alloy lwahlukile kakhulu kulolo lwento enye. Umzekelo, indawo yokunyibilika kwe-alloy iphantsi kune-melting point yeesinyithi ezenza i-alloy kuba i-atomic radii yeesinyithi ezahlukeneyo zahlukile, kwaye kunzima ukwenza i-crystal lattice ezinzileyo.
Isixa esincinci sento ethile sinokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwiimpawu ze-alloy. Umzekelo, ukungcola kwii-alloy ze-ferromagnetic kunokutshintsha iimpawu ze-alloy.
Ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi ezicocekileyo, uninzi lwee-alloys azinawo umlinganiselo wokunyibilika ozinzileyo. Xa ubushushu bungaphakathi komlinganiselo wobushushu bokunyibilika, umxube ukwimeko yokuhlala kunye okuqinileyo nolwelo. Ke ngoko, kunokuthiwa umlinganiselo wokunyibilika kwe-alloy uphantsi kuneweentsimbi eziyinxalenye. Jonga umxube we-eutectic.
Phakathi kwee-alloys eziqhelekileyo, i-brass yi-alloy ye-copper kunye ne-zinc; i-bronze yi-alloy ye-tin kunye ne-copper, kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imihombiso, kunye neentsimbi zecawa. Ii-alloys (ezifana nee-alloys ze-nickel) zisetyenziswa kwimali yamanye amazwe.
I-alloy sisisombululo, njengentsimbi, isinyithi sisinyibilikisi, ikhabhoni sisinyibilikisi.