I-alloy ngumxube weekhemikhali ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (ubuncinci enye yazo yintsimbi) eneempawu zetsimbi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifunyanwa ngokudibanisa icandelo ngalinye kulwelo olufanayo kwaye emva koko liyajiya.
I-alloys ingaba yinye yezi ntlobo zintathu zilandelayo: isisombululo esiqinileyo sesigaba esisodwa sezinto, umxube wezigaba ezininzi zetsimbi, okanye i-intermetallic compound yesinyithi. I-microstructure ye-alloys kwisisombululo esiqinileyo sinesigaba esisodwa, kwaye ezinye i-alloys kwisisombululo zinezigaba ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ukusabalalisa kunokufana okanye akunjalo, kuxhomekeke ekutshintsheni kweqondo lokushisa ngexesha lokupholisa kwezinto. Iikhompawundi ze-Intermetallic ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-alloy okanye intsimbi ecocekileyo ejikelezwe yenye isinyithi esicocekileyo.
I-alloys isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezithile kuba zineempawu ezingcono kunezo zentsimbi ecocekileyo. Imizekelo ye-alloys ibandakanya intsimbi, i-solder, ithusi, i-pewter, i-phosphor bronze, i-amalgam, kunye nokunye okunjalo.
Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy ngokuqhelekileyo kubalwa ngomlinganiselo wobunzima. Iialloyi zinokwahlulwa zibe yingxubevange yengxubevange okanye ingxubevange ye-interstitial ngokwendlela yokwakheka kweathom, kwaye inokwahlulwa kwakhona ngokwezigaba ezilinganayo (isigaba esinye kuphela), izigaba ezingafaniyo (ngaphezu kwesinye isigaba) kunye neekhompawundi ze-intermetallic (akukho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwezi zimbini. izigaba). imida). [2]
isishwankathelo
Ukubunjwa kwe-alloys kudla ngokutshintsha iipropathi zezinto ezisisiseko, umzekelo, amandla entsimbi makhulu kuneyona nto iphambili yawo, intsimbi. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zealloy, ezinje ngoxinaniso, ukusebenza kwakhona, imodyuli eNtsha, imodyuli yombane kunye ne-thermal conductivity, inokufana nezinto eziyinxalenye yealloyi, kodwa amandla okuqina kunye namandla okucheba kwealloyi zihlala zihambelana neempawu zealloy. izinto ezisisiseko. yahluke kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwee-athomu kwi-alloy kwahluke kakhulu kwinto enye. Ngokomzekelo, indawo yokunyibilika ye-alloy ingaphantsi kunendawo yokunyibilika kweentsimbi ezenza i-alloy ngenxa yokuba i-athomu ye-athomu yesinyithi ehlukeneyo yahlukile, kwaye kunzima ukwenza i-crystal lattice ezinzileyo.
Umlinganiselo omncinci wento ethile unokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwiipropati ze-alloy. Ngokomzekelo, ukungcola kwi-alloys ye-ferromagnetic kunokutshintsha iipropati ze-alloy.
Ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi ezicocekileyo, i-alloys ezininzi azinayo indawo edibeneyo yokunyibilika. Xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphakathi kwiqondo lobushushu obunyibilikayo, umxube ukwimeko eqinileyo kunye nolwelo. Ngoko ke, kunokuthiwa i-melting point ye-alloy iphantsi kuneentsimbi ezidibeneyo. Jonga umxube we-eutectic.
Phakathi kwee-alloys eziqhelekileyo, ubhedu luyi-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc; ibronze yingxubevange yenkcenkce kunye nobhedu, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imihombiso, kunye neentsimbi zecawa. Iialloys (ezifana ne-nickel alloys) zisetyenziswa kwimali yamazwe athile.
Ingxubevange sisisombululo, njengentsimbi, intsimbi sisinyibilikisi, ikhabhoni sisinyibilikisi.