Ngenxa yokukhula kwe-aluminium kwishishini lokwenza ii-welding, kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo njengendlela engcono kakhulu endaweni yentsimbi kwizicelo ezininzi, kukho iimfuno ezikhulayo kwabo babandakanyeka ekuphuhliseni iiprojekthi ze-aluminium ukuze baqhelane ngakumbi neli qela lezinto. Ukuze uyiqonde ngokupheleleyo i-aluminium, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqale ngokuqhelana nenkqubo yokuchonga/yokumisela i-aluminium, ii-alloys ezininzi ze-aluminium ezikhoyo kunye neempawu zazo.

Inkqubo yoBuchule kunye noBuchule beAluminiyam Alloy- EMantla Melika, i-Aluminium Association Inc. inoxanduva lokwabiwa nokubhaliswa kwee-alloys ze-aluminium. Okwangoku kukho ii-alloys ze-aluminium ezisetyenzisiweyo ezingaphezu kwama-400 kunye nee-alloys ze-aluminium ezingaphezulu kwama-200 ngohlobo lwee-castings kunye nee-ingots ezibhalisiweyo kwi-Aluminium Association. Imida yokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-alloy kuzo zonke ezi alloys zibhalisiweyo iqulethwe kwi-Aluminium Association's.Incwadi yeTealisihloko esithi “Iimpawu ze-Alloy zaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye neMida yokuQokelelwa kweeKhemikhali ze-Aluminium eQoqiweyo kunye ne-Aluminium eQoqiweyo” nakwi-Incwadi epinkiisihloko esithi “Iimpawu kunye neMida yoBume beeKhemikhali kwiiAluminiyam Alloys ngohlobo lweeCastings kunye neeIngot. Ezi ncwadi zinokuba luncedo kakhulu kwinjineli ye-welding xa kuphuhliswa iinkqubo ze-welding, kwaye xa kuqwalaselwa ikhemistri kunye nokudibana kwayo nobuthathaka be-crack kubalulekile.

Ii-alloy ze-aluminium zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amaninzi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto ezithile ezifana nokukwazi kwazo ukuphendula kunyango lobushushu nolwe-mechanical kunye ne-alloying element ephambili eyongeziweyo kwi-alloy ye-aluminium. Xa sicinga ngenkqubo yokubala / yokuchonga esetyenziselwa ii-alloy ze-aluminium, ezi mpawu zingasentla zichongiwe. Ii-aluminium ezisetyenziweyo nezicwangcisiweyo zineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga. Inkqubo esetyenziweyo yinkqubo enamanani ama-4 kwaye ii-castings zinenkqubo yendawo enamanani ama-3 kunye ne-1-decimal.

Inkqubo yoKwahlula i-Alloy eyenziweyo- Siza kuqala siqwalasele inkqubo yokuchonga i-alloy ye-aluminium eyenziwe ngamanani ama-4. Inombolo yokuqala (Xxxx) ibonisa into ephambili yokudibanisa, eyongeziweyo kwi-aluminium alloy kwaye idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuchaza uthotho lwe-aluminium alloy, oko kukuthi, uthotho lwe-1000, uthotho lwe-2000, uthotho lwe-3000, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8000 series (jonga itheyibhile 1).

Inombolo yesibini enye (xXxx), ukuba yahlukile ku-0, ibonisa utshintsho lwe-alloy ethile, kwaye amanani esithathu nawesine (xxXX) ngamanani angacwangciswanga anikiweyo ukuchonga i-alloy ethile kuluhlu. Umzekelo: Kwi-alloy 5183, inani lesi-5 libonisa ukuba liluhlu lwe-magnesium alloy, u-1 ubonisa ukuba ngu-1^stutshintsho kwi-alloy yokuqala engu-5083, kwaye i-83 iyichaza kuthotho lwe-5xxx.

Eyona nto ingaqhelekanga kule nkqubo yokubala ii-alloy kukusebenzisa ii-aluminium alloys ze-1xxx (ii-aluminium ezimsulwa) apho amanani amabini okugqibela anika ipesenti ye-aluminium encinci engaphezulu kwe-99%, oko kukuthi, i-Alloy 13.(50)(I-aluminium encinci ye-99.50%).

INKQUBO YOYILO LWE-ALUMINIMU YE-ALUMINIMU EQHUTYWEYO

Itheyibhile 1

Uyilo lwe-Cast Alloy- Inkqubo yokuchonga i-cast alloy isekelwe kwi-decimal-plus decimal characterition enamanani ama-3 xxx.x (oko kukuthi, 356.0). Idijithi yokuqala (Xxx.x) ibonisa into ephambili yokudibanisa, eyongeziweyo kwi-aluminium alloy (jonga itheyibhile 2).

INKQUBO YOYILO LWE-ALUMINUM ALLOY

Itheyibhile 2

Amanani esibini nawesithathu (xXX.x) ngamanani angacwangciswanga anikiweyo ukuchonga i-alloy ethile kuluhlu. Inani elilandela inqaku ledesimali libonisa ukuba i-alloy yi-casting (.0) okanye yi-ingot (.1 okanye .2). Isimaphambili seleta enkulu sibonisa utshintsho kwi-alloy ethile.
Umzekelo: I-Alloy – A356.0 i-capital A (Axxx.x) ibonisa utshintsho lwe-alloy 356.0. Inombolo 3 (A3xx.x) ibonisa ukuba yeyoluhlu lwe-silicon kunye ne-copper kunye/okanye i-magnesium. I-56 in (Ax56.0) ichonga ingxubevange ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-3xx.x, kunye ne-.0 (Axxx.0) ibonisa ukuba yi-casting yokugqibela kwaye ayiyo-ingot.

Inkqubo yoKwahlula iAluminiyam ngoBurhalarhume -Ukuba siqwalasela uthotho olwahlukeneyo lwee-alloys ze-aluminium, siza kubona ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kwiimpawu zazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okulandelayo. Ingongoma yokuqala ekufuneka siyiqonde, emva kokuqonda inkqubo yokuchonga, kukuba kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-aluminium kuluhlu olukhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Ezi zii-alloys ze-Heat Treatable Aluminium (ezo zinokufumana amandla ngokongeza ubushushu) kunye nee-alloys ze-Non-Heat Treatable Aluminium. Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu xa kuqwalaselwa impembelelo ye-arc welding kwezi ntlobo zimbini zezinto.

Ii-alloy ze-aluminium ezisetyenziweyo ze-1xxx, 3xxx, kunye ne-5xxx azinyangeki ngobushushu kwaye ziqina kuphela. Ii-alloy ze-aluminium ezisetyenziweyo ze-2xxx, 6xxx, kunye ne-7xxx zinyangeki ngobushushu kwaye uthotho lwe-4xxx luqulathe zombini ii-alloy ezinokunyangeki ngobushushu kunye nezinganyangeki ngobushushu. Ii-alloy ze-2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x kunye ne-7xx.x zothotho ziyanyangeki ngobushushu. Ukuqina kwe-strain akuqhelekanga kusetyenziswa kwi-castings.

Ii-alloys ezinyangwa ngobushushu zifumana iipropati zazo ezifanelekileyo zoomatshini ngenkqubo yonyango lobushushu, ezona zonyango zixhaphakileyo zobushushu yiSolution Heat Treatment kunye neArtificial Aging. ISolution Heat Treatment yinkqubo yokufudumeza i-alloy kubushushu obuphezulu (malunga ne-990 Deg. F) ukuze kufakwe izinto ezidibanisayo okanye iikhompawundi kwisisombululo. Oku kulandelwa kukucima, ngokuqhelekileyo emanzini, ukuvelisa isisombululo esixineneyo kubushushu begumbi. Unyango lobushushu besisombululo ludla ngokulandelwa kukuguga. Ukuguga kukunciphisa inxalenye yezinto okanye iikhompawundi kwisisombululo esixineneyo ukuze kuvele iipropati ezinqwenelekayo.

Ii-alloys ezinganyangekiyo ngobushushu zifumana iipropati zazo ezilungileyo zoomatshini ngokuqinisa i-Strain. Ukuqinisa i-Strain yindlela yokonyusa amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okubandayo.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

IIYINI EZISEKILEYO ZOKUTHUKUTHELA

Itheyibhile 3

Ukongeza kwindlela esisiseko yokubonakalisa i-temper, kukho iindidi ezimbini zokwahlulahlula, enye ibhekisa kwi-“H” Temper – Strain Hardening, kwaye enye ibhekisa kwi-“T” Temper – Thermally Treated.

Ulwahlulo lwe-H Temper – Uxinzelelo oluqinisiweyo

Inombolo yokuqala emva kwe-H ibonisa umsebenzi osisiseko:
H1– Uxinzelelo Oluqinileyo Kuphela.
H2– Uxinzelelo luqinisiwe kwaye lufakwe kancinci.
H3– Uxinzelelo Luqinisiwe kwaye Luzinzile.
H4– Iqiniswe kwaye ipeyintwe ngeLacquer okanye ipeyintwe.

Inombolo yesibini emva kwe-H ibonisa inqanaba lokuqina koxinzelelo:
HX2– Ikota yeHX eqinileyo4- Isiqingatha se-HX esiqinileyo6– Iikota ezintathu ezinzima
HX8- I-HX epheleleyo eqinileyo9- Inzima Kakhulu

Ulwahlulo lwe-T Temper – Iphathwe ngobushushu

T1- Iyaguga ngokwendalo emva kokuba ipholile ngenxa yenkqubo yokubumba ubushushu obuphezulu, njengokukhupha.
T2- Ubanda busebenze emva kokupholisa emva kwenkqubo yokubumba ubushushu obuphezulu kwaye emva koko buguga ngokwendalo.
T3- Isisombululo sinyangwa ngobushushu, sisebenza kubanda kwaye sigugile ngokwendalo.
T4- Isisombululo sinyangwa ngobushushu kwaye sigugile ngokwendalo.
T5- Igugile ngokwenziwa emva kokuba ipholile ngenxa yenkqubo yokubumba ubushushu obuphezulu.
T6- Isisombululo sinyangwa ngobushushu kwaye sigugile ngokwenziwa.
T7- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu kwaye sizinze (sigqithisile).
T8- Isisombululo sinyangwa ngobushushu, sisebenza kubanda kwaye sigugile ngendlela yokwenziwa.
T9- Isisombululo sinyangwa ngobushushu, sigugile ngokwenziwa kwaye siyasebenza kubanda.
T10- Ubanda busebenze emva kokupholisa emva kwenkqubo yokubumba ubushushu obuphezulu kwaye emva koko buvundiswa ngokwenziwa.

Amanani ongezelelweyo abonisa ukukhululeka koxinzelelo.
Imizekelo:
TX51okanye i-TXX51– Uxinzelelo luyancitshiswa ngokuzolula.
TX52okanye i-TXX52– Uxinzelelo luyancitshiswa ngokucinezela.

IiAluminiyam zeAluminiyam kunye neempawu zazo- Ukuba siqwalasela uthotho lwesixhenxe lwee-alloys ze-aluminium ezenziwe ngobumba, siya kuyiqonda umahluko wazo size siqonde ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunye neempawu zazo.

Ii-alloys ze-1xxx Series– (ayinyangeki ubushushu – enamandla okutsalwa apheleleyo angama-10 ukuya kuma-27 ksi) olu luhlu ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba luluhlu lwe-aluminiyam ecocekileyo kuba kufuneka ibe ne-aluminium encinci engama-99.0%. Ziyaxhunyelwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoluhlu lwazo oluncinci lokunyibilika, zifuna izinto ezithile ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuze kuveliswe iinkqubo zokuxhunyelwa ezamkelekileyo. Xa ziqwalaselwa ukwenziwa, ezi alloys zikhethwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nokugqwala okuphezulu njengakwiitanki zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nemibhobho, okanye ngenxa yokuqhuba kwazo umbane okuhle kakhulu njengakwizicelo zebha yebhasi. Ezi alloys zineempawu ezimbi zoomatshini kwaye azifane ziqwalaselwe kwizicelo zesakhiwo ngokubanzi. Ezi alloys zesiseko zihlala zixhunyelwa ngezinto zokuzalisa ezifanayo okanye ngee-alloys ze-4xxx filler ezixhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zokusebenza.

Ii-alloys ze-2xxx Series– (iyanyangeka ngobushushu – enamandla okutsalwa angama-27 ukuya kuma-62 ksi) ezi zii-alloy ze-aluminium/copper (izongezo zobhedu eziqala kwi-0.7 ukuya kwi-6.8%), kwaye zi-alloy ezinamandla aphezulu, ezisebenza kakuhle ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwizicelo zeenqwelo moya kunye neenqwelo moya. Zinamandla amahle kakhulu kubushushu obahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezi alloy zithathwa njengezingenakudityaniswa ziinkqubo zokuwelda ze-arc ngenxa yokuba zinobunzima bokuqhekeka okushushu kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo; nangona kunjalo, ezinye zihlanganiswa ngempumelelo kakhulu ngeenkqubo zokuwelda ezichanekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zesiseko zihlala zihlanganiswa ngee-alloy ze-2xxx series filler ezinamandla aphezulu ezenzelwe ukuhambelana nokusebenza kwazo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zinokudityaniswa ngee-4xxx series fillers eziqulethe i-silicon okanye i-silicon kunye ne-copper, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo.

Ii-alloys ze-3xxx Series– (ayinyangeki ubushushu – enamandla okutsalwa apheleleyo angama-16 ukuya kuma-41 ksi) Ezi zii-alloys ze-aluminium/manganese (izongezo ze-manganese eziqala kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-1.8%) kwaye zinamandla aphakathi, zinokumelana nokugqwala okuhle, ziyakwazi ukwakheka kakuhle kwaye zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Enye yezinto zokuqala abazisebenzisayo yayiziimbiza neepani, kwaye zezona zinto ziphambili namhlanje kwii-heat exchangers kwizithuthi nakwizityalo zamandla. Nangona kunjalo, amandla azo aphakathi adla ngokuthintela ukuqwalaselwa kwazo kwizicelo zesakhiwo. Ezi alloys zesiseko zifakwe i-alloys ze-1xxx, 4xxx kunye ne-5xxx series filler, kuxhomekeke kwikhemistri yazo ethile kunye neemfuno ezithile zesicelo kunye nenkonzo.

Ii-alloys ze-4xxx Series– (inokunyangwa ngobushushu kwaye inganyangwa ngobushushu – enamandla okutsalwa angama-25 ukuya kuma-55 ksi) Ezi zii-aluminium/silicon alloys (izongezo ze-silicon eziqala kwi-0.6 ukuya kuma-21.5%) kwaye zezona ziqulathe zombini ii-alloys ezinokunyangwa ngobushushu kunye nezinganyangwa ngobushushu. I-Silicon, xa yongezwa kwi-aluminium, inciphisa indawo yayo yokunyibilika kwaye iphucula ukugeleza kwayo xa inyibilikisiwe. Ezi mpawu ziyathandeka kwizixhobo zokuzalisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda kunye nokugquma. Ngenxa yoko, olu luhlu lwee-alloys lufumaneka kakhulu njengezinto zokuzalisa. I-Silicon, ngokuzimeleyo kwi-aluminium, ayinyangwa ngobushushu; nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezi alloys ze-silicon zenzelwe ukuba zongeze i-magnesium okanye i-copper, ezibanika amandla okuphendula kakuhle kunyango lobushushu lwesisombululo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ezi alloys zokuzalisa ezinokunyangwa ngobushushu zisetyenziswa kuphela xa icandelo elinyityiweyo liza kuvavanywa emva kobushushu.

Ii-Alloys ze-5xxx Series– (ayinyangekiyo kubushushu – enamandla okuqina aphezulu angama-18 ukuya kuma-51 ksi) Ezi zii-alloys ze-aluminium/magnesium (izongezo ze-magnesium eziqala kwi-0.2 ukuya kwi-6.2%) kwaye zinamandla aphezulu kwii-alloys ezinganyangekiyo kubushushu. Ukongeza, olu luhlu lwee-alloy lunokudityaniswa ngokulula, kwaye ngenxa yezi zizathu zisetyenziselwa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo ezifana nokwakha iinqanawa, ukuthutha, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, iibhulorho kunye nezakhiwo. Ii-alloys zesiseko se-magnesium zihlala zidityaniswa ngee-alloys zokugcwalisa, ezikhethwa emva kokuqwalasela umxholo we-magnesium wezinto ezisisiseko, kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa kunye nenkonzo yecandelo elihlanganisiweyo. Ii-alloys kolu luhlu ezine-magnesium engaphezulu kwe-3.0% azicetyiswa kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu engaphezulu kwe-150 deg F ngenxa yokuba zinokubangela ukuvakalelwa kunye nokuchaphazeleka okulandelayo kokuqhekeka koxinzelelo. Ii-alloys zesiseko ezine-magnesium engaphantsi kwe-2.5% zihlala zidityaniswa ngempumelelo ngee-alloys zokugcwalisa ze-5xxx okanye ze-4xxx series. I-base alloy 5052 idla ngokubonwa njenge-maximum magnesium content base alloy enokufakelwa i-4xxx series filler alloy. Ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokunyibilika kwe-eutectic kunye neempawu ezimbi zoomatshini ezidityanisiweyo, akukhuthazwa ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezikule nxalenye ye-alloy, eziqulethe izixa eziphezulu ze-magnesium kunye ne-4xxx series fillers. Izinto eziphezulu ze-magnesium base zifakwe i-5xxx filler alloys kuphela, ezihambelana ngokubanzi nokwakheka kwe-base alloy.

Ii-alloys ze-6XXX Series– (iyanyangeka ubushushu – ngamandla okuqina apheleleyo angama-18 ukuya kuma-58 ksi) Ezi zii-aluminium/magnesium – i-silicon alloys (i-magnesium kunye ne-silicon alloys ezimalunga ne-1.0%) kwaye zifumaneka ngokubanzi kulo lonke ishishini lokwenza ii-welding, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngendlela ye-extrusions, kwaye zifakwe kwiindawo ezininzi zokwakha. Ukongezwa kwe-magnesium kunye ne-silicon kwi-aluminium kuvelisa i-compound ye-magnesium-silicide, enika le nto amandla ayo okuba yisisombululo sonyango lobushushu ukuze kuphuculwe amandla. Ezi alloys ngokwemvelo zinobuthathaka kwiinkcenkce, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, akufuneki zi-arc welded ngokuzenzekelayo (ngaphandle kwezinto zokuzalisa). Ukongezwa kwezinto ezaneleyo zokuzalisa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuzalisa i-arc kubalulekile ukuze kubonelelwe ukuxutywa kwezinto ezisisiseko, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ingxaki yokuqhekeka okushushu. Zi-welded zombini izixhobo zokuzalisa ze-4xxx kunye ne-5xxx, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo.

Ii-Alloys ze-7XXX Series– (inokunyangwa ngobushushu – ngamandla okuqina aphezulu angama-32 ukuya kuma-88 ksi) Ezi zii-alloys ze-aluminium/zinc (izongezo ze-zinc ziqala kwi-0.8 ukuya kwi-12.0%) kwaye zenza ezinye ze-alloys ze-aluminium ezinamandla aphezulu. Ezi alloys zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo zokusebenza okuphezulu ezifana neenqwelo moya, i-aerospace, kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo ezikhuphisanayo. Njengoluhlu lwee-alloys ze-2xxx, olu luhlu lubandakanya ii-alloys ezithathwa njengezingafanelekanga kwi-arc welding, kunye nezinye, ezihlala zi-arc welding ngempumelelo. Ii-alloys ezihlanganisiweyo rhoqo kolu luhlu, ezifana ne-7005, zihlala zi-welded ngee-alloys ze-5xxx series filler.

Isishwankathelo- Ii-alloy ze-aluminium zanamhlanje, kunye neemeko zazo ezahlukeneyo, zenza uluhlu olubanzi noluguquguqukayo lwezixhobo zokwenza. Ukuze uyilo lwemveliso lube lolona lufanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso oluphumelelayo lwenkqubo yokuwelda, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwee-alloy ezininzi ezikhoyo kunye nokusebenza kwazo okwahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zokuwelda. Xa kuphuhliswa iinkqubo zokuwelda ze-arc zezi alloys zahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe i-alloy ethile eweldayo. Kudla ngokuthiwa ukuwelda kwe-arc ye-aluminium akunzima, "kwahlukile nje". Ndikholelwa ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda la mahluko kukuqhelana nee-alloy ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu zazo, kunye nenkqubo yazo yokuchonga.