Ngokukhula kwe-aluminiyam ngaphakathi kwishishini lokwenziwa kwe-welding, kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo njengenye indlela ebalaseleyo yentsimbi yezicelo ezininzi, kukho iimfuno ezikhulayo zabo babandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni iiprojekthi ze-aluminium ukuze baqhelane ngakumbi neli qela lezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo i-aluminiyam, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uqale ngokuqhelana ne-aluminiyam yokuchongwa / inkqubo yokumisela, ezininzi iialloyi ze-aluminium ezikhoyo kunye neempawu zazo.

Ubushushu beAluminiyam yeAluminiyam kunye neNkqubo yokuMongwa- ENyakatho Melika, i-Aluminium Association Inc. inoxanduva lokwabiwa kunye nokubhaliswa kwee-alloys ze-aluminium. Okwangoku kukho ngaphezu kwe-400 ye-aluminium ekhandiweyo kunye ne-alloys ye-aluminium ekhandiweyo kunye ne-alloys ye-aluminiyam engaphezu kwama-200 ngendlela yokuphosa kunye neengots ezibhaliswe kwi-Aluminium Association. Imida yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zealloyi kuzo zonke ezi ngxubevange ezibhalisiweyo ziqulethwe kwi-Aluminium Association'sIncwadi yeTealenesihloko esithi “IiMida yeAluminiyam eQiweyo kunye neMida yeAluminiyam eQiweyo kunye neMida yeAluminiyam eQiweyoIncwadi ePinkienesihloko esithi “Ukutyunjwa kunye neMida yoKuqulunqwa kweMichiza yeeAluminiyam iAluminiyam ngendlela yokuCasa kunye neIngot. Olu shicilelo lunokuba luncedo kakhulu kwinjineli ye-welding xa iphuhlisa iinkqubo ze-welding, kwaye xa ukuqwalaselwa kwekhemistri kunye nokudibanisa kunye nobuntununtunu be-crack kubalulekile.

I-alloys ye-aluminiyam ingahlelwa ngokwamaqela amaninzi ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto eziphathekayo ezifana nokukwazi ukuphendula kunyango lwe-thermal kunye noomatshini kunye ne-primary alloying element eyongezwe kwi-alloy ye-aluminium. Xa siqwalasela amanani / inkqubo yokuchonga esetyenziselwa i-aluminium alloys, ezi mpawu zingentla zichongiwe. Ii-aluminiyam ezenziweyo kunye neentsimbi zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga. Inkqubo esebenzayo yinkqubo enedijithi ezi-4 kunye ne-castings ene-3-digit kunye ne-1-decimal system system.

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa kwe-alloy esebenzayo- Siza kuqala siqwalasele inkqubo yokuchonga i-aluminium enedijithi ezi-4. Idijithi yokuqala (Xxxx) ibonisa inqununu ye-alloying element, eyongezwe kwi-alloy ye-aluminium kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuchaza uchungechunge lwe-aluminium alloy, oko kukuthi, i-1000 series, i-2000 series, i-3000 series, ukuya kwi-8000 series (jonga i-table 1).

Idijithi enye yesibini (xXxx), ukuba yahlukile ku-0, ibonisa uguqulo lwealloyi ethile, kunye nesithathu nesine amanani (xx)XX) ngamanani angenasizathu anikwe ukuchonga i-alloy ethile kuthotho. Umzekelo: Kwi-alloy 5183, inani lesi-5 libonisa ukuba leloluhlu lwe-magnesium alloy, i-1 ibonisa ukuba ngu-1.^stukuguqulwa kwi-alloy yokuqala ye-5083, kwaye i-83 ichaza kwi-5xxx series.

Ukuphela kokuphela kolu luhlu lweenombolo ze-alloy lune-1xxx series aluminium alloys (i-aluminiyam ecocekileyo) apho, idijithi ezi-2 zokugqibela zibonelela ngepesenti encinci ye-aluminium ngaphezu kwe-99%, oko kukuthi, i-alloy 13.(50)(99.50% ubuncinane be-aluminiyam).

INKQUBO YOYILO YE-ALLUMINIUM EYENZIWAYO

Uluhlu loku-1

Ukutyunjwa kwe-Alloy ye-Cast- Inkqubo yokwalatha ialloyi isekwe kwidijithi emi-3 kunye nedesimali yokutyunjwa xxx.x (okt 356.0). Idijithi yokuqala (Xxx.x) ibonisa into ephambili yokwaleka, efakwe kwialloyi ye-aluminiyam (jonga kwitheyibhile 2).

PHOSA INKQUBO YE-ALLOY YE-ALUMINIUM

Itheyibhile 2

Inombolo yesibini neyesithathu (xXX.x) ngamanani angenasizathu anikwe ukuchonga ialloyi ethile kuthotho. Inani elilandela idesimali libonisa ukuba ingxubevange kukuphosa (.0) okanye ingot (.1 okanye .2). Isiqalo sonobumba omkhulu sibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy ethile.
Umzekelo: Ingxubevange – A356.0 inkunzi A (Axxx.x) ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy 356.0. Inani 3 (A3xx.x) ibonisa ukuba yeyesilicon kunye nobhedu kunye/okanye uthotho lwemagnesium. I-56 kwi (Ax56.0) ichonga i-alloy ngaphakathi kuthotho lwe-3xx.x, kunye ne-.0 (Axxx.0) ibonisa ukuba kuyimilo yokugqibela hayi ingot.

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa kobushushu beAluminiyam-Ukuba siqwalasela uluhlu olwahlukileyo lwe-alloys aluminiyam, siya kubona ukuba kukho ukungafani okukhulu kwiimpawu zabo kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelelanayo. Inqaku lokuqala lokuqaphela, emva kokuqonda inkqubo yokuchonga, kukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-aluminiyam phakathi kolu luhlu lukhankanywe ngasentla. Ezi zi-alloys ze-Aluminiyam eziNyangelwayo (ezo zinokufumana amandla ngokongezwa kobushushu) kunye ne-Non-Heat Treatable Aluminium alloys. Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu xa uqwalasela iimpembelelo ze-arc welding kwezi ntlobo zimbini zezinto eziphathekayo.

I-1xxx, 3xxx, kunye ne-5xxx ii-alloys ezenziweyo ze-aluminiyam azinyangeki kwaye zinobunzima kuphela. I-2xxx, 6xxx, kunye ne-7xxx ii-alloys ezenziweyo ze-aluminiyam ziyanyangeka kwaye uchungechunge lwe-4xxx lubandakanya zombini ubushushu obunyangekayo kunye ne-alloys ezinganyangekiyo. I-2xx.x, 3xx.x, 4xx.x kunye ne-7xx.x ii-alloys ze-series ziyanyangeka ubushushu. Ukuqina koxinzelelo alusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiisanti.

Iialloyi ezinyangekayo ngobushushu zifumana iipropathi zazo ezisebenza ngoomatshini ngenkqubo yonyango lwe-thermal, olona nyango luxhaphakileyo lwe-thermal luNyango lwe-Solution Heat kunye nokuguga okuFanelweyo. Isisombululo Ukushisa Unyango yinkqubo yokufudumeza i-alloy kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo (malunga ne-990 Deg. F) ukwenzela ukubeka i-alloying elements okanye iikhompawundi kwisisombululo. Oku kulandelwa kukucima, ngokuqhelekileyo emanzini, ukuvelisa isisombululo esiphezulu kwiqondo lokushisa. Isisombululo sobushushu sonyango ludla ngokulandelwa kukuguga. Ukuguga kukunyuka kwenxalenye yezinto okanye iikhompawundi ezivela kwisisombululo esixutywe kakhulu ukuze kuvelise iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo.

Iialloyi ezinganyangekiyo bubushushu zifumana ezona mpawu zilungileyo ngoomatshini ngokuQinisekisa ubunzima. Ukuqina koxinzelelo yindlela yokwandisa amandla ngokusetyenziswa kokusebenza okubandayo.T6, 6063-T4, 5052-H32, 5083-H112.

UYILO OLUYISISEKO LOMSINDO

Itheyibhile 3

Ngaphaya kolu phawu lomsindo olusisiseko, kukho iindidi ezimbini zokwahlulahlula, enye ijongana ne “H” Ubushushu – Ukuqina koxinzelelo, kwaye elinye libhekisa kubizo elithi “T” Temper – Thermally Treated.

Ulwahlulo lwe-H Temper - Uxinzelelo lwenziwe lukhuni

Idijithi yokuqala emva kwe-H ibonisa umsebenzi osisiseko:
H1-Uxinzelelo lwenziwa lukhuni kuphela.
H2-Uxinzelelo lwenziwe lukhuni kwaye lususwe ngokuyinxenye.
H3– Uxinzelelo lomelele kwaye luzinzisiwe.
H4-Uxinzelelo oluQinisekileyo kunye neLacquered okanye ipeyintiwe.

Idijithi yesibini emva kwe-H ibonisa iqondo lokuqina koxinzelelo:
HX2-Ikota Enzima HX4– Isiqingatha Hard HX6-Iikota ezintathu ezinzima
HX8-I-HX enzima ngokupheleleyo9– Nzima kakhulu

Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-T Temper-Inyangwa ngobushushu

T1- Umdala ngokwendalo emva kokupholisa kwinkqubo yokubunjwa kobushushu obuphakamileyo, njengokukhupha ngaphandle.
T2-Ingqele isebenze emva kokupholisa kwinkqubo yokubunjwa kweqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo kwaye emva koko ibe mdala ngokwendalo.
T3- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu, sibanda sasebenza kwaye sigugile ngokwendalo.
T4- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu kwaye sikhulile ngokwendalo.
T5- Umdala ngokwendalo emva kokupholisa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo.
T6- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu kwaye sigugile ngokungenzekiyo.
T7- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu kwaye sizinzile (ugqithise).
T8- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu, sibanda sisebenze kwaye sigugile ngokuzenzela.
T9- Isisombululo siphathwe ngobushushu, sisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye sibanda.
T10- Ingqele isebenze emva kokupholisa inkqubo yokubunjwa kweqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo kwaye emva koko ibe mdala ngokuzenzela.

Amanani awongezelelweyo abonisa ukukhululeka koxinzelelo.
Imizekelo:
TX51okanye TXX51– Uxinzelelo luthotyiwe ngokolula.
TX52okanye TXX52– Uxinzelelo luthotyiwe ngokucinezela.

Iialloyi zeAluminiyam kunye neempawu zazo- Ukuba siqwalasela uluhlu olusixhenxe lwee-alloys ezenziwe nge-aluminium, siya kuxabisa ukungafani kwazo kwaye siqonde izicelo zabo kunye neempawu.

1xxx Series Alloys- (okunganyangekiyo ukushisa - ngamandla okugqibela e-10 ukuya kwi-27 ksi) olu luhlu luhlala lubizwa ngokuba luchungechunge lwe-aluminiyam ecocekileyo kuba kufuneka ibe ne-99.0% encinci ye-aluminium. Ziyakwazi ukuwelda. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoluhlu lwabo oluncinci lokunyibilika, bafuna ukuqwalaselwa okuthile ukuze bavelise iinkqubo ezamkelekileyo ze-welding. Xa kujongwa ulwakhiwo, ezi ngxubevange zikhethwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwazo okugqwesileyo okufana neetanki zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nemibhobho, okanye ngenxa yokuqhuba kakuhle kombane njengakwibar yebhasi. Ezi ngxubevange zineempawu zoomatshini ezingekho mgangathweni kwaye azifane ziqwalaselwe usetyenziso lwezakhiwo ngokubanzi. Ezi siseko ze-alloys zihlala zi-welded kunye nezixhobo zokuzalisa ezihambelanayo okanye nge-alloys ye-4xxx yokuzalisa exhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zokusebenza.

2xxx Series Alloys– (ubushushu obunokunyangeka– ngamandla okugqibela angama-27 ukuya kuma-62 ksi) ezi ziyi-aluminiyam / ingxubevange yobhedu (izongezo zobhedu ukusuka kwi-0.7 ukuya kwi-6.8%), kwaye zinamandla amakhulu, ii-alloys zokusebenza eziphezulu ezihlala zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace kunye neenqwelomoya. Banamandla abalaseleyo kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu. Ezinye zala ma-alloys zibhekwa njenge-non-weldable ngeenkqubo ze-arc welding ngenxa yokuba zithinteka ekuqhekekeni okutshisa kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking; kunjalo, abanye arc welding ngempumelelo kakhulu kunye neenkqubo ukuwelda ezichanekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zesiseko zihlala zidityaniswe ngamandla aphezulu e-2xxx ii-alloys zokuzalisa ii-alloys eziyilelwe ukuhambelana nokusebenza kwazo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zinokudityaniswa kunye ne-4xxx series fillers ene-silicon okanye i-silicon kunye nobhedu, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo.

3xxx Series Alloys– (okunganyangekiyo kubushushu – ngamandla okugqibela e-16 ukuya kwi-41 ksi) Ezi ziingxubevange ze-aluminiyam / manganese (zongezo zemanganese ukusuka kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-1.8%) kwaye zinamandla aphakathi, zinokumelana kakuhle nokudleka, ukumila kakuhle kwaye zifanelekile. ukusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Enye yezinto zokuqala abazisebenzisayo yayizimbiza kunye neepani, kwaye ziyinxalenye enkulu namhlanje kutshintshiselwano lobushushu kwizithuthi kunye nezityalo zamandla. Amandla awo aphakathi, nangona kunjalo, ahlala ethintela ukuqwalaselwa kwabo kwizicelo zesakhiwo. Ezi ngxubevange ezisisiseko zidityaniswe kunye ne-1xxx, 4xxx kunye ne-5xxx ii-alloys zokuzalisa uchungechunge, kuxhomekeke kwikhemistry ethile kunye nesicelo esithile kunye neemfuno zenkonzo.

4xxx Series Alloys- (ubushushu obunokunyangeka kunye nobushushu obunganyangekiyo - ngamandla okugqibela angama-25 ukuya kwi-55 ksi) Ezi ziyi-aluminiyam / i-silicon alloys (izongezo ze-silicon ukusuka kwi-0.6 ukuya kwi-21.5%) kwaye kuphela koluhlu oluqulethe zombini ubushushu obunokunyangeka kunye no-non- ialloyi ezinyangeka ngobushushu. I-silicon, xa ifakwe kwi-aluminiyam, iyayinciphisa indawo yayo yokunyibilika kwaye iphucula ubumanzi bayo xa inyibilikile. Ezi mpawu zinqweneleka kwizinto zokugcwalisa ezisetyenziselwa zombini i-fusion welding kunye ne-brazing. Ngenxa yoko, olu luhlu lwee-alloys lufumaneka kakhulu njengezinto zokuzalisa. I-silicon, ngokuzimeleyo kwi-aluminium, ayiphathwa ngobushushu; nangona kunjalo, inani lale ngxube ye-silicon yenzelwe ukuba ibe nezongezo ze-magnesium okanye ubhedu, ezibonelela ngokukwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwisisombululo sonyango lobushushu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi aloyi zokuzalisa ezinokunyangeka zisetyenziswa kuphela xa icandelo elidityanisiweyo liza kufakwa kunyango lwe-weld thermal.

5xxx Series Alloys- (ukunganyangeki kobushushu - ngamandla okugqibela e-18 ukuya kwi-51 ksi) Ezi ziyi-aluminium / i-magnesium alloys (izongezo ze-magnesium ukusuka kwi-0.2 ukuya kwi-6.2%) kwaye zinamandla aphezulu e-alloys enganyangekiyo. Ukongezelela, olu luhlu lwe-alloy luyakwazi ukuwelda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngenxa yezi zizathu zisetyenziselwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ezifana nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa, ukuthutha, iinqanawa zoxinzelelo, iibhulorho kunye nezakhiwo. I-alloys yesiseko se-magnesium ivame ukuxutywa kunye ne-alloys yokuzalisa, ezikhethiweyo emva kokuqwalaselwa komxholo we-magnesium yezinto ezisisiseko, kunye nesicelo kunye neemeko zenkonzo yecandelo elidibeneyo. I-alloys kolu chungechunge olungaphezulu kwe-3.0% ye-magnesium ayikhuthazwa kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu ngaphezu kwe-150 deg F ngenxa yamandla abo okuvuselela kunye nokuchaphazeleka okulandelayo kuxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking. Isiseko se-alloys esine-magnesium engaphantsi kwe-2.5% sihlala sidityaniswa ngempumelelo kunye ne-5xxx okanye i-4xxx series alloys. Isiseko se-alloy 5052 samkelwa ngokubanzi njengowona mxholo we-magnesium uphezulu onokuthi udityaniswe nge-alloy ye-4xxx yokuzalisa. Ngenxa yeengxaki ezayanyaniswa nokunyibilika kwe-eutectic kunye neempawu ezinxunguphalisayo njenge-welded mechanical, akukhuthazwa ukuba udibanise imathiriyeli kolu luhlu lwe-alloy, oluqulethe ixabiso eliphezulu le-magnesium kunye ne-4xxx series fillers. Izixhobo ezisisiseko ze-magnesium zidityaniswe kuphela nge-5xxx yealloys yokuzalisa, ehambelana ngokubanzi nokwakheka kwesiseko sealloy.

6XXX Series Alloys- (ubushushu obunokunyangeka - ngamandla okugqibela e-18 ukuya kwi-58 ksi) Ezi ziyi-aluminiyam / i-magnesium - i-silicon alloys (i-magnesium kunye ne-silicon eyongeziweyo malunga ne-1.0%) kwaye ifumaneka ngokubanzi kulo lonke ishishini le-welding fabrication, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwindlela i-extrusions, kwaye ibandakanywe kumacandelo amaninzi olwakhiwo. Ukongezwa kwe-magnesium kunye ne-silicon kwi-aluminium ivelisa i-compound ye-magnesium-silicide, enika le nto ikwazi ukuba yisisombululo sobushushu esiphathwe ngamandla aphuculweyo. Ezi ngxubevange ngokwendalo ukuqinisa i-crack sensitive, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, akufuneki ukuba i-arc idityaniswe ngokuzenzakalelayo (ngaphandle kwezinto zokugcwalisa). Ukongezwa kweemali ezaneleyo zezinto zokuzalisa ngexesha lenkqubo ye-arc welding kubalulekile ukwenzela ukubonelela nge-dilution yezinto ezisisiseko, ngaloo ndlela kuthintele ingxaki yokutshatyalaliswa okutshisayo. Zidityaniswe kunye ne-4xxx kunye ne-5xxx izixhobo zokuzalisa, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo.

7XXX Series Alloys- (ubushushu obunokunyangeka - ngamandla okugqibela e-32 ukuya kwi-88 ksi) Ezi zi-alloys ze-aluminium / zinc (izongezo ze-zinc ukusuka kwi-0.8 ukuya kwi-12.0%) kwaye ziquka ezinye ze-alloys ezinamandla kakhulu ze-aluminium. Ezi ngxubevange zihlala zisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi ephezulu efana nenqwelomoya, i-aerospace, kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo ezikhuphisanayo. Njengoluhlu lwe-2xxx lwe-alloys, olu chungechunge lubandakanya ii-alloys ezithathwa njengezingafanelekanga abaviwa kwi-arc welding, kunye nezinye, ezihlala zi-arc ziboshwe ngempumelelo. Iialloyi eziqhelekileyo ezidityanisiweyo kolu ngcelele, ezinje nge-7005, ubukhulu becala zidityaniswe ngeealloyi zokuzalisa ze-5xxx.

Isishwankathelo-Ii-alloys zanamhlanje ze-aluminiyam, kunye nobushushu bazo obahlukeneyo, ziquka uluhlu olubanzi noluguquguqukayo lwemathiriyeli yokuvelisa. Kuyilo lwemveliso oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo ye-welding eyimpumelelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwe-alloys ezininzi ezikhoyo kunye nentsebenzo yazo eyahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zokuweldability. Xa kuphuhliswa iinkqubo ze-arc welding zezi ngxube zahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ingqalelo kwi-alloy ethile edibeneyo. Kuhlala kuthiwa ukuwelda kwe-arc ye-aluminiyam akukho nzima, "yahluke nje". Ndikholelwa ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda le yantlukwano kukuziqhelanisa neengxubevange ezahlukeneyo, iimpawu zazo, kunye nenkqubo yazo yokuchonga.