Abaphandi kwi-US Department of Energy's (DOE) i-Argonne National Laboratory banembali ende yokufunyaniswa kobuvulindlela kwindawo yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Uninzi lwezi ziphumo yeyecathode yebhetri, ebizwa ngokuba yi-NMC, i-nickel manganese kunye ne-cobalt oxide. Ibhetri enale cathode ngoku inika amandla iChevrolet Bolt.
Abaphandi baseArgonne baphumelele enye impumelelo kwii-cathodes ze-NMC. Ulwakhiwo olutsha lwecathode yeqela elitsha lunokwenza ibhetri yomelele ngakumbi kwaye ikhuseleke ngakumbi, ikwazi ukusebenza kumbane ophezulu kakhulu kwaye ibonelele ngohambo olude.
"Ngoku sinesikhokelo esinokuthi abavelisi beebhetri bangasebenzisa ukwenza uxinzelelo oluphezulu, izinto ezingenamda ze-cathode," uKhalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus.
“Ii-cathodes ze-NMC ezikhoyo zibonakalisa umqobo omkhulu womsebenzi wombane ophezulu,” utshilo umncedisi wekhemisti uGuiliang Xu. Ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili yokuhlawulela, ukusebenza kwehla ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokubunjwa kweengqungquthela kwiinqununu ze-cathode. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, abaphandi beebhetri bebekhangela iindlela zokulungisa ezi ntanda.
Enye indlela ngaphambili ibisebenzisa amasuntswana angqukuva amancinane amaninzi. Amasuntswana amakhulu angqukuva ayi-polycrystalline, enemimandla yekristale yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhelaniswa. Ngenxa yoko, banento izazinzulu eziyibiza ngokuba yimida yengqolowa phakathi kwamasuntswana, anokubangela ukuba ibhetri iqhekeke ngexesha lomjikelo. Ukuthintela oku, oogxa bakaXu kunye no-Argonne babekhe baphuhlisa i-polymer ekhuselayo ejikeleze iqhekeza ngalinye. Olu tyaba lujikeleze amasuntswana amakhulu angqukuva kunye namasuntswana amancinci ngaphakathi kwawo.
Enye indlela yokuphepha olu hlobo lokuqhekeka kukusebenzisa i-crystal particles enye. I-electron microscopy yala maqhekeza yabonisa ukuba ayinayo imida.
Ingxaki yeqela yayikukuba ii-cathodes ezenziwe kwiipolycrystals ezigqunyiweyo kunye neekristale enye zisaqhekeka ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile. Ngoko ke, baqhube uhlalutyo olubanzi lwezi zixhobo ze-cathode kwi-Advanced Photon Source (APS) kunye neZiko leNanomaterials (CNM) kwi-US Department of Energy's Argonne Science Centre.
Uhlalutyo lwe-x-ray olwahlukeneyo lwenziwa kwiingalo ezintlanu ze-APS (11-BM, 20-BM, 2-ID-D, 11-ID-C kunye ne-34-ID-E). Kuvela ukuba oko izazinzulu zazicinga ukuba yikristale enye, njengoko kuboniswe yi-electron kunye ne-X-ray microscopy, eneneni yayinomda ngaphakathi. Ukuskena kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy ye-CNMs iqinisekisile esi sigqibo.
“Xa sijonga umphezulu we-morphology yala masuntswana, ayejongeka njengekristale enye,” utshilo isazi sefiziksi uWenjun Liu. “<“但是，当我們在APS 使用一种称为同步加速器X 射线衍射显微镜的技术和其他技术时时。 “ <“但是 , 当 在 使用 使用种 称為 同步 加速器 x 射线 显微镜的 技术 和 其他 时候 . . . . ."Nangona kunjalo, xa sisebenzisa ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi-synchrotron X-ray diffraction microscopy kunye nezinye iindlela kwi-APS, safumanisa ukuba imida yayifihlwe ngaphakathi."
Okubalulekileyo, iqela liye laphuhlisa indlela yokuvelisa iikristale enye ngaphandle kwemida. Ukuvavanya iiseli ezincinci kunye ne-single-crystal cathode kwi-voltages ephezulu kakhulu ibonise ukunyuka kwe-25% kwisitoreji samandla kwiyunithi nganye kwaye akukho lahleko ekusebenzeni kwimijikelezo yovavanyo ye-100. Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-cathodes ze-NMC ezenziwe ngeekristale ezisebenzisanayo ezininzi okanye ii-polycrystals ezigqunyiweyo zibonise ukuhla kwamandla e-60% ukuya kwi-88% ngexesha elinye lobomi.
Ubalo lwesikali se-atom sibonisa indlela yokunciphisa i-cathode capacitance. Ngokutsho kukaMaria Chang, i-nanoscientist kwi-CNM, imida inokuthi ilahlekelwe yi-athomu ye-oksijini xa ibhetri ihlawuliswa kuneendawo ezikude nabo. Oku kulahleka kweoksijini kukhokelela ekuthotyweni komjikelo weeseli.
"Izibalo zethu zibonisa indlela umda ongakhokelela ngayo kwi-oksijini ekhutshwe ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu, olungakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza," kusho uChan.
Ukuphelisa umda kuthintela ukuguquka kwe-oksijeni, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwe-cyclic ye-cathode. Imilinganiselo yokuguquguquka kweoksijini nge-APS kunye nomthombo wokukhanya ophucukileyo kwiSebe lezaMandla lase-US uLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory iqinisekisa esi sigqibo.
"Ngoku sinezikhokelo ezinokuthi abenzi beebhetri bangasebenzisa ukwenza izinto ze-cathode ezingenayo imida kwaye zisebenze ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu," kusho uKhalil Amin, u-Argonne Fellow Emeritus. â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。” â�<“该指南应适用于NMC 以外的其他正极材料。”"Izikhokelo kufuneka zisebenze kwimathiriyeli ye-cathode ngaphandle kwe-NMC."
Inqaku malunga nolu phononongo livele kwijenali yeNdalo yaMandla. Ukongeza kuXu, Amin, Liu kunye noChang, ababhali beArgonne nguXiang Liu, Venkata Surya Chaitanya Kolluru, Chen Zhao, Xinwei Zhou, Yuzi Liu, Liang Ying, Amin Daali, Yang Ren, Wenqian Xu , Junjing Deng, Inhui Hwang, ILanga laseChengjun, iTao Zhou, iMing Du, kunye neZonghai Chen. Izazinzulu ezivela kwiLabhoratri yeSizwe yaseLawrence Berkeley (Wanli Yang, Qingtian Li, noZengqing Zhuo), iYunivesithi yaseXiamen (Jing-Jing Fan, Ling Huang kunye neShi-Gang Sun) kunye neYunivesithi yaseTsinghua (iDongsheng Ren, iXuning Feng kunye neMingao Ouyang).
Malunga neZiko leArgonne leNanomaterials Iziko leNanomaterials, elinye lamaziko amahlanu ophando lweSebe lezaMandla le-nanotechnology le-US, liziko eliphambili lomsebenzisi lesizwe lophando lwe-nanoscale oluxhaswa yi-Ofisi yeSayensi yeSebe lezaMandla lase-US. Ngokudibeneyo, ii-NSRCs zenza uluhlu lwezixhobo ezincedisayo ezibonelela abaphandi ngezakhono zangoku zokwenziwa, ukusetyenzwa, ukulinganisa, kunye nokulinganisa izixhobo ze-nanoscale kunye nokumela utyalo-mali olukhulu lweziseko ezingundoqo phantsi kwe-National Nanotechnology Initiative. I-NSRC ikwiSebe laseMelika leeLebhu zeSizwe zaMandla eArgonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, naseLos Alamos. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne-NSRC DOE, ndwendwela ku-https://​science.osti​.gov/Us​er-Faacilit​ie’s/Us er-Fac ie-at-a-a Glance.
Umthombo weFotoni weSebe lezaMandla oPhezulu (APS) kwiLebhu yeSizwe yaseArgonne yenye yezona zinto zivelisa i-X-ray kwimithombo yehlabathi. I-APS ibonelela ngeeX-reyi ezinobunzima obuphezulu kuluntu lophando olwahlukeneyo kwisayensi yezinto, ikhemistri, i-condensed matter physics, ubomi kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo, kunye nophando olusetyenziswayo. Ezi X-reyi zilungele ukufunda imathiriyeli kunye nezakhiwo zebhayoloji, ukuhanjiswa kwezinto, iikhemikhali, amazwe omagnetic kunye ne-elektroniki, kunye neenkqubo zobunjineli ezibalulekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo, ukusuka kwiibhetri ukuya kwimilomo yesitofu se-fuel, ezibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe lethu, itekhnoloji. . kunye nomzimba Isiseko sempilo. Nyaka ngamnye, ngaphezu kwe-5,000 yabaphandi basebenzisa i-APS ukupapasha ngaphezu kwe-2,000 yopapasho oluchaza izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nokusombulula iiprotheyini zebhayoloji ezibalulekileyo kunabasebenzisi balo naliphi na elinye iziko lophando lwe-X-reyi. Izazinzulu ze-APS kunye neenjineli zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha obusisiseko sokuphucula ukusebenza kwee-accelerators kunye nemithombo yokukhanya. Oku kuquka izixhobo zokungenisa ezivelisa ii-X-reyi eziqaqambileyo ezixatyiswe kakhulu ngabaphandi, iilensi ezigxininisa kwi-X-reyi ukuya kutsho kwii-nanometers ezimbalwa, izixhobo ezikhulisa indlela ii-X-reyi ezisebenzisana ngayo nesampulu ephantsi kophononongo, kunye nokuqokelela kunye nolawulo lwezinto ezifunyenweyo ze-APS. Uphando luvelisa umthamo omkhulu wedatha.
Olu phononongo lusebenzise izibonelelo ezivela kwi-Advanced Photon Source, iSebe le-US le-Ofisi ye-Energy ye-Science User Centre eqhutywa yi-Argonne National Laboratory kwi-US yeSebe le-Ofisi yaMandla yeSayensi phantsi kwenombolo yekhontrakthi DE-AC02-06CH11357.
ILabhoratri yeSizwe yaseArgonne izama ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo zenzululwazi yasekhaya kunye nobuchwepheshe. Njengelabhoratri yesizwe yokuqala e-United States, iArgonne iqhuba uphando olusisiseko kunye nolusetyenziswayo phantse kulo lonke uqeqesho lwezenzululwazi. Abaphandi baseArgonne basebenza ngokusondeleyo nabaphandi abavela kumakhulu eenkampani, iiyunivesithi, kunye ne-federal, urhulumente, kunye neearhente zikamasipala ukubanceda basombulule iingxaki ezithile, baqhubele phambili ubunkokeli besayensi base-US, kwaye balungiselele isizwe ikamva elingcono. I-Argonne iqeshe abasebenzi abavela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-60 kwaye iqhutywa yi-UChicago Argonne, LLC ye-Ofisi yeSayensi yeSebe lezaMandla lase-US.
I-Ofisi yeNzululwazi yeSebe lezaMandla e-US ngoyena mxhasi wesizwe omkhulu wophando olusisiseko kwisayensi yendalo, esebenza ukulungisa eyona miba icinezelayo yexesha lethu. Ngolwazi oluthe vetshe, ndwendwela https://energy​.gov/science​ience.