Ialuminiyam sesona simbi sininzi ehlabathini kwaye sesona sixhobo sixhaphakileyo sesithathu esiquka i-8% yoqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukuguquguquka kwe-aluminium kwenza ukuba ibe yintsimbi esetyenziswa kakhulu emva kwentsimbi.

Ukuveliswa kweAluminiyam

I-aluminiyam ivela kwi-mineral bauxite. I-Bauxite iguqulelwa kwi-aluminiyam oxide (i-alumina) ngeNkqubo yeBayer. I-alumina iguqulwa ibe yintsimbi ye-aluminium isebenzisa iiseli ze-electrolytic kunye neNkqubo yeHolo-Heroult.

Imfuno yoNyaka yeAluminiyam

Imfuno yehlabathi ye-aluminiyam imalunga ne-29 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka. Malunga ne-22 yezigidi zeetoni yi-aluminiyam entsha kwaye i-7 yezigidi zeetoni iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-aluminiyam. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminiyam ehlaziyiweyo kuqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kuthatha i-14,000 kWh ukuvelisa itoni enye yealuminium entsha. Ngokuchaseneyo, kuthatha kuphela i-5% yale nto ukunyibilikisa nokuphinda kusetyenziswe itoni enye ye-aluminiyam. Akukho mahluko kumgangatho phakathi kwe-aluminiyam enyulu kunye ne-alloys esetyenzisiweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweAluminiyam

Unyulualuminiyamithambile, i-ductile, iyamelana nomhlwa kwaye ine-conductivity ephezulu yombane. Isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi i-foil kunye ne-conductor cables, kodwa i-alloying kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ukubonelela amandla aphezulu afunekayo kwezinye izicelo. Ialuminiyam yenye yezona ntsimbi zikhaphukhaphu zobunjineli, zinamandla kumlinganiselo wobunzima obungaphezulu kunentsimbi.

Ngokusebenzisa iindibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo zeepropathi zayo eziluncedo ezinje ngamandla, ubulula, ukuxhathisa umhlwa, ukurisayikilisha kunye nokwakheka, ialuminiyam isetyenziswa kwinani elihlala lisanda lezicelo. Olu luhlu lweemveliso luqala ukusuka kwimathiriyeli yolwakhiwo ukuya kwiifoyile zokupakisha ezibhityileyo.

Ukutyunjwa kwe-alloy

I-aluminium idla ngokuxutywa ngethusi, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese kunye ne-lithium. Izongezo ezincinci ze-chromium, i-titanium, i-zirconium, i-lead, i-bismuth kunye ne-nickel nazo zenziwe kwaye i-iron ihlala ikhona kwiincinci ezincinci.

Zingaphezulu kwama-300 iialloyi ezenziweyo nezingama-50 ezisetyenziswa ngokufanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zichongwa ngenkqubo yemifanekiso emine eyaqala e-USA kwaye ngoku yamkelwe kwihlabathi jikelele. Itheyibhile 1 ichaza inkqubo yee-alloys ezenziweyo. Ii-alloys ze-Cast zineendawo ezifanayo kwaye zisebenzisa inkqubo yeedijithi ezintlanu.

Uluhlu loku-1.Ukutyunjwa kwee-alloys ezenziwe nge-aluminium.

Kwii-alloys ze-aluminium ezingaxutywanga ezikhethiweyo ze-1XXX, iidijithi ezimbini zokugqibela zibonisa ukucoceka kwesinyithi. Zilingana namadijithi amabini okugqibela emva kwedesimali xa ucoceko lwe-aluminiyam lubonakaliswa kweyona pesenti ikufutshane ye-0.01. Idijithi yesibini ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwimida yokungcola. Ukuba idijithi yesibini ingu-zero, ibonisa i-aluminiyam engaxutywanga enemida yokungacoceki kwendalo kunye ne-1 ukuya kwe-9, ibonisa ukungcola komntu ngamnye okanye i-alloying elements.

Kumaqela angama-2XXX ukuya kuma-8XXX, amanani amabini okugqibela achonga ii-alloys ezahlukeneyo ze-aluminium kwiqela. Idijithi yesibini ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy. Idijithi yesibini ye-zero ibonisa i-alloy yokuqala kunye nee-integers 1 ukuya ku-9 zibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-alloy ngokulandelelana.

IiPropati zeMzimba zeAluminiyam

Ukuxinana kweAluminiyam

I-aluminiyam inoxinaniso malunga nesinye kwisithathu sentsimbi okanye ubhedu, nto leyo eyenza ibe yenye yezona ntsimbi zikhaphukhaphu ezifumanekayo kurhwebo. Isiphumo samandla aphezulu kumlinganiselo wobunzima senza into ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo evumela ukunyuka kwentlawulo okanye ukongiwa kwamafutha kumashishini othutho ngokukodwa.

Amandla eAluminiyam

Ialuminiyam esulungekileyo ayinawo amandla okuqina aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwezinto ezixubeneyo ezifana ne-manganese, i-silicon, ubhedu kunye ne-magnesium kunokonyusa iipropathi zamandla ze-aluminiyam kwaye zivelise i-alloy eneempawu ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso oluthile.

Aluminiyamifanelene kakuhle neendawo ezibandayo. Ine-advanteji ngaphezu kwentsimbi kuba amandla ayo okuxinana anyuka ngokuhla kweqondo lobushushu ngelixa igcina ukuqina kwayo. Intsimbi kwelinye icala iba brittle kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.

Ukunyangwa kokuNjisa kweAluminiyam

Xa isesichengeni somoya, umaleko we-aluminiyam oxide kwakheka phantse ngoko nangoko kumphezulu we-aluminiyam. Lo maleko unokumelana okugqwesileyo kumhlwa. Ayinyangeki ngokufanelekileyo kwiiasidi ezininzi kodwa ayinyangeki kangako kwiialkali.

I-Thermal Conductivity yeAluminiyam

I-thermal conductivity ye-aluminium iphindwe kathathu ngaphezu kwentsimbi. Oku kwenza i-aluminiyam ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwizinto zokupholisa kunye nokufudumeza izicelo ezifana nezitshintshi zokufudumala. Idityaniswe nayo ekubeni ingeyotyhefu le propathi ithetha ukuba ialuminiyam isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zokupheka nakwikitchenware.

Ukuqhutywa koMbane weAluminiyam

Kunye nobhedu, i-aluminiyam ine-conductivity yombane ephezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe njengomqhubi wombane. Nangona i-conductivity ye-alloy conducting esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo (1350) ijikeleze kuphela i-62% yobhedu olufakwe emanzini, sisinye kwisithathu kuphela sobunzima kwaye ngoko sinokuqhuba umbane ophindwe kabini xa kuthelekiswa nobhedu lobunzima obufanayo.

Ukubonakaliswa kweAluminiyam

Ukusuka kwi-UV ukuya kwi-infra-red, i-aluminiyam yeyona nto ibonakalisa amandla aqaqambileyo. Ukubonakaliswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo malunga ne-80% kuthetha ukuba kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizibane zokukhanya. Iipropati ezifanayo zokubonisa ukubonakalisa kwenzaaluminiyamifanelekile njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukukhusela kwimitha yelanga ehlotyeni, ngelixa ikhusela ekulahlekeni kobushushu ebusika.

Itheyibhile 2.Iipropati ze-aluminium.

IiPropati zoomatshini beAluminiyam

I-aluminiyam inokukhubazeka kakhulu ngaphandle kokusilela. Oku kuvumela i-aluminium ukuba yenziwe ngokuqengqeleka, ukukhupha, ukuzoba, umatshini kunye nezinye iinkqubo zoomatshini. Inokuphoswa kukunyamezela okuphezulu.

I-alloying, ukusebenza okubandayo kunye nokunyanga ubushushu zonke zingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa iimpawu ze-aluminium.

Amandla okuqina e-aluminiyam esulungekileyo ajikeleze i-90 MPa kodwa oku kunokunyuswa ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-690 MPa kwezinye ii-alloys ezinokunyangeka.

Imigangatho yeAluminiyam

Umgangatho omdala we-BS1470 uthatyathelwe indawo yimigangatho ye-EN elithoba. Imigangatho ye-EN inikwe kwitheyibhile yesi-4.

Uluhlu lwesi-4.Imigangatho ye-EN ye-aluminiyam

Imigangatho ye-EN yahlukile kumgangatho wakudala, BS1470 kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Iintlobo zeekhemikhali - azitshintshanga.
• Inkqubo yamanani e-alloy - ayitshintshanga.
• Ukutyunjwa kobushushu bomxube onyangekayo kubushushu ngoku kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lobushushu obukhethekileyo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwimivo emine emva kokuba i-T yazisiwe kwizicelo ezingekho semgangathweni (umz. T6151).
• Ukutyunjwa kobushushu kwi-alloys ezinganyangekiyo kubushushu-umsindo okhoyo awutshintshwanga kodwa umsindo ngoku uchazwa ngokucace ngakumbi ngokwendlela owenziwe ngayo. Umsindo othambileyo (O) ngoku yi-H111 kwaye i-H112 yomsindo ophakathi iye yaziswa. Kwi-alloy 5251 tempers ngoku iboniswa njenge-H32/H34/H36/H38 (ilingana ne-H22/H24, njl). I-H19/H22 kunye ne-H24 ngoku ziboniswa ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Iipropati zoomatshini - zihlala zifana namanani angaphambili. 0.2% Uxinzelelo olububungqina kufuneka ngoku lucatshulwe kwizatifikethi zovavanyo.
• Ukunyamezela kuye kwaqiniswa kwiinqanaba ezahlukeneyo.
  

  Unyango lobushushu lweAluminiyam

  Uluhlu lonyango lobushushu lunokusetyenziswa kwiialloys ze-aluminium:

  • I-Homogenisation - ukususwa kokwahlula ngokufudumeza emva kokuphosa.
  • I-Anealing - isetyenziswe emva kokusebenza okubandayo ukuthambisa ii-alloys eziqinisa umsebenzi (1XXX, 3XXX kunye ne-5XXX).
  • Imvula okanye ukuqina kweminyaka (iialloyi 2XXX, 6XXX kunye ne-7XXX).
  • Isisombululo sonyango lobushushu phambi kokuguga kwemvula yokuqina kwealloys.
  • Ukutshisa ukunyangwa kweengubo
  • Emva konyango lobushushu isimamva songezwa kumanani okutyunjwa.
  • Isimamva esingu-F sithetha “njengento eyenziweyo”.
  • O kuthetha "imveliso esele ifakiwe".
  • T ithetha ukuba "iphathwe ubushushu".
  • W kuthetha ukuba imathiriyeli iye yaphathwa ubushushu besisombululo.
  • I-H ibhekiselele kwingxubevange enganyangekiyo bubushushu “esebenza ngokubanda” okanye “ubunzima bokuqina”.
  • Ii-alloys ezinganyangekiyo ngobushushu zezo zikumaqela angama-3XXX, 4XXX kunye nama-5XXX.