I-aluminiyam yeyona metal ininzi kakhulu emhlabeni kwaye yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yesithathu equka i-8% yoqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukuguquguquka kwe-aluminiyam kwenza ibe yintsimbi esetyenziswa kakhulu emva kwentsimbi.
Ukuveliswa kweAluminiyam
I-Aluminiyam ifumaneka kwi-bauxite yeminerali. I-Bauxite iguqulwa ibe yi-aluminium oxide (i-alumina) ngenkqubo yeBayer. Emva koko i-alumina iguqulwa ibe yintsimbi ye-aluminium kusetyenziswa iiseli ze-electrolytic kunye neNkqubo yeHall-Heroult.
Imfuno Yonyaka yeAluminiyam
Imfuno ye-aluminium kwihlabathi liphela imalunga ne-29 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka. Malunga ne-22 yezigidi zeetoni yi-aluminium entsha kwaye i-7 yezigidi zeetoni yi-aluminium esetyenzisiweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminium esetyenzisiweyo kuyathandeka ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwendalo. Kuthatha i-14,000 kWh ukuvelisa i-1 tonne ye-aluminium entsha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko kuthatha i-5% kuphela yale nto ukunyibilikisa nokurisayikilisha i-1 tonne ye-aluminium. Akukho mahluko kumgangatho phakathi kwe-alloys ye-aluminium engavuthwanga kunye ne-alloys esetyenzisiweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweAluminiyam
Icocekilei-aluminiumIthambile, ithambile, ayidli mhlwa kwaye inombane ophezulu. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintambo zefoyile kunye neekhontraktha, kodwa ukuxuba nezinye izinto kuyimfuneko ukuze kubonelelwe ngamandla aphezulu afunekayo kwezinye iinkqubo. I-aluminium yenye yezona zinyithi zobunjineli zikhaphukhaphu, inomlinganiselo wamandla nobunzima ongaphezulu kunentsimbi.
Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa iipropati zayo eziluncedo ezifana namandla, ukukhaphukhaphu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuphindeka kwakhona kunye nokukwazi ukwakheka, i-aluminium isetyenziswa kwinani elikhulayo lezicelo. Olu luhlu lweemveliso luqala kwizinto zokwakha ukuya kwiifoyile zokupakisha ezincinci.
Iimpawu ze-Alloy
I-aluminium idla ngokuxuba i-copper, i-zinc, i-magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese kunye ne-lithium. Kongezwa i-chromium, i-titanium, i-zirconium, i-lead, i-bismuth kunye ne-nickel kwaye i-iron ihlala ikhona ngobuninzi obuncinci.
Kukho ii-alloy ezibhityiweyo ezingaphezu kwama-300, ezingama-50 zisetyenziswa ngokufanayo. Ziqhele ukuchongwa yinkqubo yeefigure ezine eyaqala eMelika kwaye ngoku yamkelwe ngokubanzi. Itheyibhile 1 ichaza inkqubo yee-alloy ezibhityiweyo. Ii-alloy ezibhityiweyo zineempawu ezifanayo kwaye zisebenzisa inkqubo yeedijithi ezintlanu.
Itheyibhile 1.Iimpawu zee-alloys ze-aluminium ezenziwe ngobumba.
| I-Alloying Element | Yenziwe |
|---|---|
| Akukho (99%+ iAluminiyam) | 1XXX |
| Ithusi | 2XXX |
| IManganese | 3XXX |
| I-silicon | 4XXX |
| I-Magnesium | 5XXX |
| I-Magnesium + iSilicon | 6XXX |
| Izinki | 7XXX |
| I-Lithium | 8XXX |
Kwi-alloys ze-aluminium ezingasebenziyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-1XXX, amanani amabini okugqibela amele ubunyulu besinyithi. Zilingana namanani amabini okugqibela emva kwenqaku ledesimali xa ubunyulu be-aluminium bubonakaliswa kwi-0.01 yepesenti ekufutshane. Inombolo yesibini ibonisa utshintsho kwimida yokungcola. Ukuba inombolo yesibini ingu-zero, ibonisa i-aluminium engasebenziyo enemida yokungcola kwendalo kwaye ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-9, kubonisa ubunyulu bomntu ngamnye okanye izinto ezidityanisiweyo.
Kumaqela ukusuka kwi-2XXX ukuya kwi-8XXX, amanani amabini okugqibela achaza ii-alloys ze-aluminium ezahlukeneyo kwiqela. Inombolo yesibini ibonisa utshintsho lwe-alloy. Inombolo yesibini ye-zero ibonisa i-alloy yokuqala kwaye amanani apheleleyo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-9 abonisa utshintsho lwe-alloy olulandelelanayo.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zeAluminiyam
Ubuninzi beAluminiyam
I-aluminium inoxinano olumalunga nesinye kwisithathu kunentsimbi okanye ubhedu nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona metali zikhaphukhaphu ezithengiswayo. Umlinganiselo wamandla aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima wenza ukuba ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yokwakha evumela ukwanda kwemithwalo okanye ukonga amafutha ngakumbi kumashishini ezothutho.
Amandla eAluminiyam
I-aluminium ecocekileyo ayinamandla okutsalwa aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwezinto ezidibanisayo ezifana ne-manganese, i-silicon, i-copper kunye ne-magnesium kunokunyusa amandla e-aluminium kwaye kuvelise i-alloy eneempawu ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa okuthile.
I-aluminiumIfanelekile kakhulu kwiindawo ezibandayo. Inenzuzo ngaphezu kwentsimbi kuba amandla ayo okutsala ayanda xa ubushushu buncipha ngelixa igcina ukuqina kwayo. Kwelinye icala, intsimbi iba buthathaka xa amaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kweAluminiyam
Xa ibekwe emoyeni, umaleko we-aluminium oxide uvela ngokukhawuleza phezu komphezulu we-aluminium. Lo maleko unokumelana okuhle nokugqwala. Uyakwazi ukumelana nee-asidi ezininzi kodwa awukwazi ukumelana nee-alkali.
Ukuqhuba kwe-Aluminiyam ngobushushu
Ukuqhuba kwe-aluminium ngobushushu kungaphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunentsimbi. Oku kwenza i-aluminium ibe yinto ebalulekileyo ekupholiseni nasekufudumaleni njengezinto zokutshintsha ubushushu. Xa idibene nokuba ayinatyhefu, le nto ithetha ukuba i-aluminium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zokupheka nakwizinto zasekhitshini.
Ukuqhuba koMbane kweAluminiyam
Kunye nobhedu, i-aluminium inombane oqhubayo ophezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe njengomqhubi wombane. Nangona umbane oqhubayo we-alloy esetyenziswa rhoqo (1350) ungama-62% kuphela obhedu olufakwe kwi-anneal, bunzima buyi-1/3 kuphela kwaye ngenxa yoko unokuqhuba umbane ophindwe kabini xa uthelekiswa nobhedu olunobunzima obufanayo.
Ukubonakaliswa kweAluminiyam
Ukusuka kwi-UV ukuya kwi-infra-red, i-aluminium sisixhobo esibalaseleyo sokubonakalisa amandla akhanyayo. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo okumalunga ne-80% kuthetha ukuba isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizibane. Iimpawu ezifanayo zokubonakalisa zenzai-aluminiumIfanelekile njengesixhobo sokukhusela ubushushu kwimitha yelanga ehlotyeni, ngelixa ikhusela ubushushu ekulahlekeni kobushushu ebusika.
Itheyibhile 2.Iipropati ze-aluminium.
| Ipropati | Ixabiso |
|---|---|
| Inombolo yeAthomu | 13 |
| Ubunzima beAtomic (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| UValency | 3 |
| Ulwakhiwo lwekristale | I-FCC |
| Indawo yokunyibilika (°C) | 660.2 |
| Indawo yokuBilisa (°C) | 2480 |
| Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Ukuqhuba kwe-Thermal (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Ukwandiswa okuLungelelanayo (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Ukumelana kombane kwi-20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Ubuninzi (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Imodulus ye-Elasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Umlinganiselo wePoissons | 0.34 |
Iipropati ze-Aluminiyam zoomatshini
I-aluminium inokonakala kakhulu ngaphandle kokusilela. Oku kuvumela i-aluminium ukuba yenziwe ngokuqengqeleka, ukukhupha, ukutsala, ukugaya kunye nezinye iinkqubo zoomatshini. Ingaphoswa nakwizinga eliphezulu lokunyamezela.
Ukudibanisa, ukusebenza ngokubandayo kunye nokulungisa ubushushu konke oku kungasetyenziswa ukulungisa iipropati ze-aluminium.
Amandla okutsalwa kwe-aluminium ecocekileyo amalunga ne-90 MPa kodwa oku kunokwandiswa kube ngaphezu kwe-690 MPa kwezinye ii-alloys ezinokunyangeka ngobushushu.
Imigangatho yeAluminiyam
Umgangatho omdala we-BS1470 uthathelwe indawo yimigangatho elithoba ye-EN. Imigangatho ye-EN inikwe kwitheyibhile 4.
Itheyibhile 4.Imigangatho ye-EN ye-aluminium
| Umgangatho | Ububanzi |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Iimeko zobugcisa zokuhlolwa nokuhanjiswa |
| I-EN485-2 | Iipropati zoomatshini |
| EN485-3 | Ukunyamezelana kwezinto ezishushu ezigoqiweyo |
| EN485-4 | Ukunyamezela izinto ezigoqiweyo ezibandayo |
| EN515 | Iimpawu zobuntu |
| EN573-1 | Inkqubo yokumisela i-alloy yamanani |
| EN573-2 | Inkqubo yokuchonga iimpawu zekhemikhali |
| EN573-3 | Iikhemikhali ezixutyiweyo |
| EN573-4 | Iifom zemveliso kwii-alloys ezahlukeneyo |
Imigangatho ye-EN yahlukile kumgangatho omdala, i-BS1470 kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Iikhemikhali ezixutyiweyo – azitshintshanga.
- Inkqubo yokubala ii-alloy - ayitshintshanga.
- Iimpawu zeTemper zeealloys ezinokunyangwa ngobushushu ngoku zigubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweemeko ezikhethekileyo. Ukuya kuthi ga kwiinombolo ezine emva kokuba u-T engenisiwe kwizicelo ezingezizo ezisemgangathweni (umz. T6151).
- Iimpawu zeTemper ze-alloys ezinganyangekiyo ngobushushu – iiTemper ezikhoyo azitshintshanga kodwa iiTemper ngoku zichazwe ngokubanzi ngokwendlela ezidalwe ngayo. ITemper ethambileyo (O) ngoku yi-H111 kwaye iTemper ephakathi yi-H112 iye yaziswa. Kwi-alloy iiTemper ezingama-5251 ngoku ziboniswa njenge-H32/H34/H36/H38 (ezilingana ne-H22/H24, njl.njl.). I-H19/H22 kunye ne-H24 ngoku ziboniswa ngokwahlukeneyo.
- Iimpawu zoomatshini – zihlala zifana namanani angaphambili. Ubungqina be-0.2% Uxinzelelo ngoku kufuneka lucatshulwe kwizatifikethi zovavanyo.
- Ukunyamezelana kuye kwaqiniswa ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo.
Unyango lobushushu lwe-Aluminiyam
Uluhlu lweendlela zokulungisa ubushushu lunokusetyenziswa kwii-aluminium alloys:
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto – ukususwa kokwahlulwahlulwa kwezinto ngokufudumeza emva kokuphoswa.
- I-Annealing – isetyenziswa emva kokusebenza ngokubandayo ukuthambisa ii-alloys zokuqinisa umsebenzi (1XXX, 3XXX kunye ne-5XXX).
- Ukuna okanye ukuqina kobudala (ii-alloys 2XXX, 6XXX kunye ne-7XXX).
- Unyango lobushushu lwesisombululo ngaphambi kokuguga kwee-alloys zokuqinisa imvula.
- Isitovu sokulungisa iingubo
- Emva konyango lobushushu, isimamva songezwa kumanani okuchonga.
- Isimamva u-F sithetha “njengoko kwenziweyo”.
- U-O uthetha “iimveliso ezenziwe ngobumba ezitshisiweyo”.
- U-T uthetha ukuba "unyangiwe ngobushushu".
- U-W uthetha ukuba izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zilungisiwe ngobushushu.
- I-H ibhekisa kwii-alloys ezinganyangekiyo ngobushushu "ezisebenza ngokubandayo" okanye "eziqinisiweyo".
- Ii-alloys ezinganyangekiyo ngobushushu zezo zikwiqela le-3XXX, 4XXX kunye ne-5XXX.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-16-2021
