I-Aluminiyam yeyona ntsimbi ininzi yehlabathi kwaye lelona nye liqhelekileyo libandakanya i-8% yomhlaba. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminium kwenza ukuba eyona ntsimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu emva kwentsimbi.

Ukuveliswa kwe-aluminium

I-aluminium isuselwa kwi-bauxite yeZimbiwa. I-Bauxite iguqulwa kwi-aluminium oxide (i-alumina) ngenkqubo ye-Bayer. I-Alimamina iguqulwe ibe yintsimbi ye-aluminium isebenzisa iiseli zombane kunye neholo-yeholo.

IFUNDO YONYAKA KA-ALUMINUM

Ibango lehlabathi liphela le-aluminium lijikeleze iitoni ezingama-29 ezigidi ngonyaka. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-22 zeetoni yi-aluminium entsha kunye neetoni ezisi-7 ezizigidi zihlaziyiwe i-alcuminium scrap. Ukusetyenziswa kweAluminimum ehlaziyiweyo kuqoqosho kwaye kuyanyanzelwa. Kuthatha i-14,000 kWh ukuvelisa itoni enye ye-aluminium entsha. Ngokuchaseneyo kuthatha kuphela iipesenti ezi-5 kuphela zokuLungisa kwaye uphinde uphinde usebenzise itoni enye ye-aluminium. Akukho mahluko kumgangatho ophakathi kwentombi kunye nee-alcuminam zealuminiyam.

Izicelo ze-aluminium

Icocekilei-aluminiumIthambile, iDuctile, i-Porrosion enganyangekiyo kwaye inombane ophezulu wombane. Isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi i-foil kunye neentambo zokuqhuba, kodwa ukwaba nezinye izinto kubalulekile ukubonelela ngamandla aphezulu afunekayo kwezinye iinkqubo. I-Aluminiyam yenye yezona zinyithi zobuqu ezikhanyayo, zinamandla okuba umyinge ophezulu kakhulu kwintsimbi.

Ngokusebenzisa indibaniso eyahlukeneyo yepropathi yayo efanelekileyo efana namandla, ukukhanya, ukumelana nokungakhathali, ukubuyisela kwakhona kunye nokwenziwa, ialuminiyam iqeshwanzwa kwinani lokwanda kwezicelo. Olu luhlu lweemveliso lusuka kwizinto zolwakhiwo kumagama anqamlezileyo.

UKWANTSI

I-Aluminiyam ixhaphake kakhulu ngobhedu, i-zinc, magnesium, i-silicon, i-manganese kunye ne-lithium. Izongezo ezincinci ze-chromium, iTitanium, i-ziirconium, i-zirconium, i-bisthel kunye ne-niskel zenziwe kwaye intsimbi inobuqhetseba kwinani elincinci.

Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-300 ye-alloys enama-50 ngokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo. Zihlala zichongwa ngenkqubo emine eyaqala e-USA kwaye ngoku imkelwe i-jikelele. Itheyibhile 1 ichaza inkqubo ye-alloys enziwe. Yenza izabelo ze-alloys ngendlela efanayo kwaye usebenzise inkqubo emihlanu yenani.

Itheyibhile 1.OLULEKILEYO KWI-ALMINUM ALLLYS.

Ukufumana i-Aluminium ye-Aluminium ye-Aluminum ye-1xxx, amanani amabini okugqibela amele ubunyulu bentsimbi. Zilingana namanani amabini okugqibela emva kwenqaku lokugqibela xa ucoceko lwe-Aleminium lubonakaliswe kwi-0.01 pesenti. Inombolo yesibini ibonisa ukulungiswa kwimida yokungena. Ukuba idijithane yesibini yi-zero, ibonisa i-aluminum engafunyanwanga enemida yemveliso yendalo kunye ne-1 ukuya kwi-9, ibonise ukungcola okanye izinto ezabelweyo.

Kwi-2xxx ukuya kumaqela ayi-8XXX, amanani amabini okugqibela achonga izabelo ezahlukeneyo ze-aluminium kwiqela. Inombolo yesibini ibonisa uhlengahlengiso lwe-Afy. Inombolo yesibini ye-zero ibonisa ulwabiwo lwangempela kunye neenombolo 1 ukuya kwele-9 zibonisa uhlengahlengiso lwe-Afloy.

Iipropathi zomzimba ze-aluminium

Ukuxinana kwe-aluminium

I-Aluminium ine-gority ejikeleze isinye kwisithathu sokuba intsimbi okanye yobhedu iyenza yenye yeentsimbi ezikhoyo ngokuthe kratya. Isiphumo esiphakamileyo sokulinganisa umlinganiselo wobunzima obalulekileyo sesakhiwo sokuvumela ukuhlawulwa kwemali okanye ukonga ipetroli kwimizi-mveliso yezothutho.

Amandla e-aluminium

I-aluminium enyulu ayinawo amandla aphezulu e-sunser. Nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kwezinto ezinjengeManganese, isiSilicon, uCelican kunye ne-magnesium inokunyusa iindawo ezinamandla ze-aluminium kwaye ivelise i-alloy enezicelo ezilungiselelwe izicelo ezithile.

I-aluminiumilungele imeko ebandayo. Inenzuzo phezu kwentsimbi kuba 'amandla awo anyukayo ngokunciphisa ubushushu ngelixa ugcina ubunzima bayo. Intsimbi kwelinye icala iba britlety ngamaqondo obushushu asezantsi.

Ukunganyangeki kweAluminium

Xa ityhilwe ngomoya, umaleko weefom ze-aluminium phantse kwangoko kumphezulu we-aluminium. Lo mmandla uchasene nokuchasana ngokugqwesileyo ekucocekeni. Inganyangeki kwii-acids ezininzi kodwa zingabi lula i-alkalis.

Ukuqhubela kwe-Aluminium

Ukuqhubela kwe-alrmam ye-aluminium kuyamalunga namaxesha amathathu amakhulu kunentsimbi. Oku kwenza i-aluminium into ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini izicelo zokupholisa kunye nokufudumeza ezifana nokutshintshwa kobushushu. Zidityaniswe nayo ukuba kungenetyhefu le propathi kuthetha i-aluminium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisoftware zokupheka kunye nekhitshi.

Ukuqhubela phambili kweAluminium

Kunye nobhedu, i-aluminium inendlela yokuqhuba yombane iphakame ngokwaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe njengomqhubi wombane. Nangona ukuqhubela phambili kwe-Alloty esetyenziswayo (1350) ijikeleze i-62% yobhedu, i-on-bude kuphela ubunzima kwaye ke kunokubakho i-histren kabini ithelekiswa nobunzima obufanayo.

Ukucamngca kwe-aluminium

Ukusuka kwi-UV ukuya kwi-infra-Red, i-aluminium ngumbonisi ogqwesileyo wamandla amakhulu. Ukuboniswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwe-80% kuthetha ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngobungqina bokukhanya. Iipropathi ezifanayo zokwenza izintoi-aluminiumEfanelekileyo njengezinto zokufaka izilwanyana ukukhusela imitha yelanga ehlotyeni, ngelixa ifakelwa ngokulahleka kobushushu ebusika.

Itheyibhile 2.Iipropathi ze-aluminium.

Ipropathi yoomatshini ye-aluminium

I-aluminium inokutshitshiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokusilela. Oku kuvumela ialuminiyam eza kwenziwa ngokuqengqeleka, iphulukene, ukuzoba, ukwenza ezinye iinkqubo zoomatshini. Ingaphoswa kukunyamezelana okuphezulu.

Yabela, ukubanda ukusebenza kunye nokunyanga ubushushu bonke kunokusetyenziselwa ukulungisa iipropathi ze-aluminium.

Amandla e-thaminam ye-aluminium enyulu yi-90 MPA kodwa oku kungasanda ukuya kwi-690 MPA ye-alfays.

Imigangatho yealuminium

I-BS1470 imigangatho ye-BS1470 ithathelwe indawo yemigangatho yethoba. Imigangatho ye-en inikwa kwiTheyibhile 4.

Itheyibhile 4.I-En yeMigangatho yeAluminium

Imigangatho ye-en yahluke ngokupheleleyo kumgangatho wakudala, bs1470 kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:

• Iikhemikhali zekhemikhali-zingaguqukanga.
• Inkqubo yenombolo ye-Allow-engaguqukanga.
• Ukuzikhethela kuka-Crermer yobushushu be-alloys ezinyangweni ngoku kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwamaqela awodwa. Ukuya kuthi ga kwiinombolo ezine emva kokuba kufundwe i-T kwizicelo ezingekho phantsi komgangatho (umz. T6151).
• Ukuchongwa kobushushu kubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-alloys ezinokunyangeka - amaqela akhoyo achazwanga kodwa umsindo ngoku achazwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwendlela abadalwa ngayo. Ithambile (o) Umsindo ngoku ngu-H111 kwaye umsindo ophakathi H112 waziswa. Kuba amaqela angama-5251 aboniswa njenge-H32 / H34 / H36 / H38 (ilingana ne-H22 / H24, njl njl). I-H19 / H22 & H24 ngoku zibonakalisiwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Iipropathi zoomatshini-zihlala zifana nakumanani angaphambili. I-0.2% Uxinzelelo lobungqina kufuneka ngoku lucatshulwe kwizatifikethi zovavanyo.
• Uxinzelelo luye lwaqiniswa ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo.
  

  Unyango lobushushu lwe-aluminium

  Uluhlu lonyango lobushushu lunokusetyenziswa kwi-AlUminium alloys:

  • I-Homogeriation-Ukususwa kwesahluko ngokufudumeza emva kokuphosa.
  • Ingcaciso-isetyenziswe emva kokubanda esebenzela i-Alften Dofen Alloys (1xxx, 3xxx kunye ne-5xxx).
  • Ukuqiniswa okanye ubudala obuhle (i-Alloys 2xxx, i-6xxx kunye ne-7xxx).
  • Unyango lwesisombululo shushu ngaphambi kokuba uluphala lwee-allows ezikhulisa.
  • Ukutsala ukunyangwa kweengubo
  • Emva konyango lobushushu isimamela songezwa kumanani ochongelweyo.
  • Isimamva i-F ithetha "njengoko kudityaniswe".
  • O kuthetha "iimveliso ezenziwe nge-onNetled".
  • T Ithetha ukuba "inyangwe inyangwa".
  • I-W ithathelwa ingqalelo impatho yesisombululo.
  • H Ibhekisa kubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-alloys ezinyangekileyo "ukubanda" okanye "ukhathaza".
  • I-nof-sharleys inyanga enyangekayo yeyabo kwi-3xxx, i-4xxx kunye ne-5xxxx ngamaqela.